Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to W W Socha.
Four mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) were tested for their human-type and simian-type blood groups. They were all found to be human-type B, MN, He, Rho and chimpanzee simian-type V.O, CeF, G, H.
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Spontaneously occurring agglutinins in animal sera are shown to fall into several categories, namely, 1. cold-reactive agglutinins; these often are nonspecific and act as autoagglutinins, 2. agglutinins reactive at room as well as refrigerator temperatures; these, like cold agglutinins, are usually IgM immunoglobulins which may be species-specific in their activity, or type-specific, notably, like anti-A and anti-B and 3. agglutinins reactive at body temperature, usually IgG immunoglobulins, and most often due to maternofetal incompatibility and transplacental immunization of the mother by fetal red cells. The naturally occurring cold autoantibodies are physiologic in nature and appear to be the raw materials for antibody production. This is postulated to be adaptive in nature by enzyme action, through in part genetically determined, as evidenced by the so-called constant polypeptide sections of the immunoglobulin molecules.
Family studies were carried out the investigate the genetics of the chimpanzee simian type blood group systems V-A-B-D and C-E-F. In addition to providing new data, the studies confirm the validity of earlier results obtained by population genetics methodology for deducing genetic mechanisms in primate animals where family material cannot be obtained.
Blood grouping of nine pygmy chimpanzees revealed them to be human-type group A1, M,Rho, and simian-type V.D, CCef, g, H, I, K, L. Only group Nc was polymorphic. Pan paniscus red cells can be easily distinguished from those of Pan troglodytes by the serological characteristics of human-type blood groups A and M. Also, the distribution of the simian-type blood group systems V-A-B and C-E-F are strikingly different in the two species.
The current status of erythroblastosis fetalis in man and in animals is briefly reviewed with emphasis on present knowledge of nonhuman primates as models for the disease. Our studies in crab-eating macaques indicate that presence in a mother's serum of potent antibodies reactive for red cells for her fetus will not necessarily cause erythroblastosis; in one case the maternal antibodies did not penetrate the placental barrier, and in two cases although the fetal red cells were maximally antibody-coated, they remained undamaged and the disease failed to develop.
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