Broiler chickens and swine fed furazolidone in their diet were sacrificed, and samples of liver, kidney, skin/fat and muscle were harvested and analyzed for furazolidone residue. Chickens fed 200 g of furazolidone/ton of feed were withdrawn from treatment 21, 14, 7, 5, 3, or 0 days before slaughter. Birds withdrawn from medication more than 5 days prior to slaughter had no residues in any of the tissues sampled. One of the 12 birds in each of the 5 day and 3 day withdrawal groups had detectable residues in the skin/fat. Seven of the 12 birds in the 0 day withdrawal group had residues of less than 2 ppb in skin/fat samples. Chickens fed 400 g furazolidone/ton of feed were withdrawn from treatment 0 days before slaughter. Residues of 0.7 to 3.5 ppb were found in the skin of these birds; residues were not found in other tissues. Swine were fed 300 g furazolidone/ton of feed for 2 weeks or 150 g/ton for 5 weeks. They were withdrawn from treatment 10, 7, 5, 3, or 0 days before slaughter. Tissue samples taken from these swine did not contain detectable furazolidone residues.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1982

Dissipation of parathion and paraoxon on citrus foliage dust and dry soil surfaces in a treated orchard.

Pesticides applied to an orchard may be transported via dust from the orchard floor to the foliage. The dust containing the pesticide facilitates oxygen analog formation. This study involves the evaluation of existing methods and new procedures for measuring pesticide fate (parathion and paraoxon) on soil surfaces in a field environment; the results were correlated with dislodgeable foliar residues. Residues in soil dust removed from the ground floor via vacuum varied considerably and did not correlate with dislodgeable foliar residues. Although residues found on masonite plates coated with a thin layer of soil were different from dislodgeable foliar residues, the ratios of paraoxon to parathion was very similar for the first 14 to 21 days. The thin-layer soil on the plates had serious deficiencies including difficulty of preparation in the field, handling of the coated plates, and physical movement of the soil from the plate due to environmental forces including rain. Soil tags prepared from fine mesh window screen saturated with soil resulted in approximately the same residue as the soil plates and at the same time avoided most of the deficiencies experienced with the plates. They were very resistant to physical forces, easy to prepare in the field, and not affected by environmental forces except appreciable quantities of rain. The results should encourage the use of soil screen tags, not in lieu of but along with other methods when conducting field studies with pesticides involving worker safety.

Citrus↗

PubMed1982

Furazolidone in turkey tissues following a 14-day feeding trial.

Feed supplemented with furazolidone was fed to turkeys on a research farm near Modesto, CA. The birds fed furazolidone-medicated feed were housed in isolated pens in a manner to prevent any cross contamination from an adjoining treatment. Furazolidone-medicated feed was supplied to the ration for 14 days prior to withdrawal with two exceptions; the controls were not fed medicated feed, and a 400 g/ton treatment was fed for 24 hr prior to processing. Treatments, representing different withdrawal periods, ranged from 0 to 21 days. Two 400 g/ton treatments with 0-day withdrawal periods were included in the study. One of these treatments involved a 14-day medicated feeding period while the other was for 24 hr. All other treatments were fed medicated feed at the rate of 200 g/ton. Tissue samples from the processed birds included skin, fat, liver, kidney, as well as breast and thigh muscle. No detectable residues were found in any of the liver, kidney, fat, or muscle tissues at any of the withdrawal periods including the 0-day withdrawal groups. Skin tissues contained detectable furazolidone residues only in the 0-day withdrawal treatments, and even these levels were below the 2 ppb level.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1981

Growth and dissipation of pesticide oxons.

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Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed1981

Monitoring of grape harvesters for evidence of cholinesterase inhibition.

This report describes the results of a long-term monitoring study of 36 grape harvesters who were occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticide residues following reentry into vineyards during September and October 1976. The study was designed to evaluate biochemical parameters associated with organophosphate pesticide residues. Insignificant changes in blood cholinesterase activity were found. Some workers had very low levels of organophosphate metabolites in the urine during the entire 6 wk of study. Ethion dioxon was the only pesticide residue detected on the grape leaves. The harvesting of wine grapes involves numerous work crews of four to six people each, requiring a highly mobile monitoring staff. A single stationary location for collecting blood and urine samples will result in massive losses to follow-up since the workers cannot be relied on to report on their own. It is recommended that, to maximize worker cooperation, future monitoring studies rely more on analyses of urine specimens and less on venipuncture for evidence of pesticide exposure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Ultra trace determination of furazolidone in turkey tissues by liquid partitioning and high performance liquid chromatography.

A simple and sensitive procedure is presented for the determination of furazolidone in turkey tissues, using liquid partitioning followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fat, liver, kidney, skin, and muscle tissues are ground with methylene chloride in a Polytron homogenizer, followed by solvent removal, partitioning in hexane-0.01M acetic acid, and back-partitioning the 0.01M acetic acid with methylene chloride. The determination by HPLC used a reverse phase Ultrasphere-ODS 5 micrometer column. The method is sensitive to 0.5 ppb, with a standard deviation of 6.39% at the 2 ppb fortification level. Recovery from fortified tissues averaged 84% from samples fortified with 0.5-10 ppb furazolidone. An alternative cleanup procedure using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge is also presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Rapid method for analysis of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products.

Four methods for determining aflatoxin M1 levels in fluid milk were compared in a search for a simple, routine analytical procedure.. Each method was tested with samples spiked at levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppb. The 3 quantitative methods were comparable in sensitivity (0.1 ng/mL) and recoveries (80-90%). A new method, using a commercially available extraction column that contains an inert hydrophilic matrix to permit extraction of dairy products, is described. The milk is adsorbed on the column and aflatoxin M1 is eluted with chloroform-acetone (9 + 1). The extract is further purified on a small silica gel column and aflatoxin M1 is determined by TLC. This method was simpler and shorter, and was equally sensitive and reproducible in determining aflatoxin M1 in spiked and naturally contaminated fluid milk samples and in spiked nonfat powdered, condensed, and evaporated milk.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗

PubMed1980

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of S-[(5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3(2H)-yl)-methyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (Supracide) and its monoxone metabolite in safflower seed, meal, and oil.

A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for determining residues of the inseticide-acaricide Supracide (S-[5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3(2H)-yl)-methyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and its monoxone metabolite in safflower seed, meal, and oil is presented. Supracide and its monoxone metabolite are separated by partitioning with acetonitrile-sodium sulfate and petroleum ether. The petroleum ether fraction containing the Supracide is extracted with acetonitrile and further cleaned up on Florisil column before determination by GLC, flame photometric detection (FPD). The monoxone metabolite is partitioned from the acetonitrile-sodium sulfate fraction with chloroform and cleaned up on a Florisil column before GLC/FPD. Average Supracide recoveries were 86, 82.5, and 92%, and average Supracide monoxone recoveries were 85.7, 81.5, and 89%, in seed, meal, and oil, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.005 ppm for both compounds on all tissues analyzed.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1978

Dislodgable residues of dialifor and phosalone and their oxygen analogs following a reported worker-injury incident in the San Joaquin Valley, California.

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Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1977

Physiological response to organophosphate residues in field workers.

The physiologic response of 21 male agricultural field workers exposed to foliage-borne Guthion residues was monitored during routine peach-thinning operations in a northern California orchard. Surveillance included daily venipuncture and urine collection to determine whole blood cholinesterase (CHE) activity and level of dialkylphosphate excretion for 3 baseline (nonexposed) and 5 normal work days. Foliage samples were obtained to measure dislodgeable and total Guthion residues. A decrease in group-mean CHE activity by 15% over the surveillance period was found. Apart from one worker who showed a consistent decrease in CHE activity, reaching a maximum of 30% below baseline at the end of the work week, daily changes in individual CHE activity were erratic. Group-mean dialkylphosphate excretion levels provided a semiquantitative indication of exposure to Guthion. Medical examination before and after the exposure period revealed an absence of clinical signs of organophosphate intoxication.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Degradation of parathion applied to peach leaves.

Parathion was applied to peach trees in three different formulations 70 days before harvest. Leaf samples were taken periodically through the 70-day period and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses were conducted for dislodgable and penetrated residues. Analyses were also conducted for paraoxon and the s-ethyl isomer of parathion. Punched samples were compared to whole-leaf samples; generally residue levels for both types corresponded closely. A new experimental formulation, encapsulated parathion, produced highest levels of total parathion throughout the 70-day study, but even this formulation resulted in low total residue levels around 1 ppm at time of harvest. Degradation of the s-ethyl isomer of parathion was generally very rapid in all formulations studied. Dislodgable residues of paraoxon may be significant in some formulations and should be included in parathion degradation studies. Much of the parathion found on peach leaves throughout the growing season was dislodgable residue, but this depended considerably on the formulation used.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗