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W Wippich

Publications and source records attributed to W Wippich.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Haptic information processing in direct and indirect memory tests.

Effects of learning can show up in a direct, i.e., an explicit, way or they can be expressed indirectly, i.e., in an implicit way. It was investigated whether motor processes underlie effects of repetition priming in haptic information exploration. In the test phase, blindfolded subjects had to handle objects in order to answer questions as fast as possible about their properties (e.g., temperature, texture, weight, or form), exploring the object with their hands. Some of the objects were old ones (presented in a study phase); others were added as new objects to the test phase. In addition, recognition judgements were required. The results demonstrated reliable effects of repetition priming in terms of reaction times to old, in comparison with new, objects for subjects who had been treated the same way in the study phase (active touch). Passive touch at encoding or studying the names or the visible objects themselves did not lead to effects of repetition priming in the test phase. On the other hand, performing adequate hand movements during the study improved recognition memory. The role of motor processes in indirect and direct tests of memory is discussed and related to research on memory of action events.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Context-dependence of implicit and explicit memory characteristics].

The present experiments explore whether repetition priming in a word-stem completion task is context-dependent. In the first experiment, the environmental context was changed or remained constant at the testing stage. Implicit memory performance did not reveal any effects of environmental context. When tested by free recall, however, the same subjects showed an environmental congruency effect. On the other hand, effects of a change in presentation modality were restricted to implicit memory measures. In the second experiment, self-awareness was manipulated to create congruent or incongruent internal contexts at the testing stage. Performance on the word-stem completion task was seen to be influenced by internal contextual information. This pattern of results corroborates a processing account of implicit memory phenomena. Implicit and explicit expressions of memory utilize episodic information, but in a different way.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Understanding or feeling? Motor and sensory processes in recall of haptic experiences].

Effects of learning can show in a direct, i.e., explicit way, or they can be expressed indirectly, i.e., in an implicit way. It is investigated whether hepatic information shows implicit effect, and whether implicit haptic memory effects are based primarily on motor or on sensory memory components. In the first phase blindfolded subjects had to palpate objects in order to answer questions about the objects' distinct properties as fast as possible. In the following phase this task was repeated with the same objects and additional control items. Additionally, recognition judgements were required. Results demonstrate reliable effects of implicit memory for haptic information in terms of reaction times to old vs. new objects. Subjects who had to wear plastic gloves in the first stage showed comparable effects of repetition priming. Changing the questions--and, thus, hand movements--during the palpitation of objects known from the first stage, however, abolishes implicit memory expression. It is concluded, therefore, that implicit memory for haptic information is based on motor processes. On the other hand, explicit memory is hampered in subjects wearing gloves during the first phase, as revealed in terms of recognition performance while changing the questions about objects' properties has no effect on recognition judgements. Thus, explicit memory for haptic information seems to be based on the sensory processes when touching objects.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1990

[Recall of odors: naming and autobiographical memories illustrate odor aftereffects].

In the study phase, subjects had to encode either odors or the names there of by generating autobiographical memories, by judging the quality of the food source of the odors, or by labeling responses to odors. At the testing stage, explicit and implicit olfactory memory performance was assessed. With recognition testing, the provision of odors at study improved performance. Furthermore, recognition depended on elaborative encoding conditions with olfactory stimuli only. Implicit memory was measured by the correctness and speed of labeling responses at the testing stage. Old odors were named more correctly and faster than new ones, but only if subjects had encoded odors in the study phase. These results demonstrate that implicit memory in naming odors depends on olfactory stimulus processing and is not a purely verbal priming effect. As a further measure of implicit memory, the speed of autobiographical memory productions was assessed. We registered shorter reaction times for old versus new odors. But again, this effect of implicit memory was restricted to conditions of odor pre-experiences in the study phase. We conclude that olfactory memory is based on different types of memory traces. Implicit memory measures may prove to be useful in isolating sensory and other attributes of olfaction that seem to be interacting in making explicit memory judgments.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Implicit memory in spelling from word images.

A series of experiments is reported concerning implicit memory in imaginal processing. In the standard condition, subjects had to encode word images before spelling a word. The spelling task was repeated in the test phase with the same words and with additional control words. Spelling times were registered after the image encoding. Implicit memory has been detected if repeated words can be spelled faster than control words. Experiment 1 showed that levels of processing manipulations (such as the additional generation of meaning images at encoding or variations in word concreteness) favor explicit memory, but do not show up in implicit memory. Experiment 2 demonstrated that implicit memory disappears if spelling at encoding took place on visually present words. Experiment 3 investigated whether the focusing of specific letter positions within the image may contribute to the effect, but this was not found. According to a processing view that underlies our task analysis, implicit memory depends on transfer-appropriate processing and is attributed to processes of image encoding or generation and image reconstruction or regeneration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Implicit and explicit memories of odors].

The present experiments explore whether there may be some forms of implicit memory for odors. In the first experiment, the elaborateness of olfactory encoding was varied at presentation. For (explicit) recognition memory testing we found positive effects of labeling responses to odors at encoding. Implicit memory measures (temporal and preference judgments) did not reveal reliable effects of prior odor presentation, however. The second experiment corroborated effects of levels of processing on r recognition memory. Again, perceptual or affective judgments remained insensitive for prior odor exposures. Implicit memory could only be detected with verbal measures at the testing stage (labeling accuracy or latency). These results are consistent with the proposal that odor information is represented at different levels of processing that are even with implicit memory measures only partly accessible.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of divided attention on explicit and implicit aspects of recall].

If subjects have to form word images before spelling a word from the image, results of a repetition of the spelling test reveal a reliable priming effect: Old words can be spelled faster than comparable control words, reflecting a form of implicit memory. We investigated whether this kind of repetition priming remains stable under conditions of divided attention in the study phase. The subjects had to spell meaningful words, meaningless non-words, and non-words that were meaningful with a backward spelling direction (troper, for example). In the testing stage, recognition judgments as a form of explicit memory were required, too. Divided attention in the study phase had a negative effect on explicit memory, as revealed by performance on the recognition task, but had little effect on implicit memory, as revealed by performance on the repetition of the spelling test. A further dissociation between implicit and explicit memory showed up as meaningful words were recognized much better than non-words, whereas implicit memory was uninfluenced by the meaningfulness variable. The disadvantage of backward spellings was not reduced with non-words (like troper) spelled backwards. Finally, we analyzed the relations between spelling times and recognition judgments and found a pattern of dependency for non-words only. Generally, the results are discussed within processing-oriented approaches to implicit memory with a special emphasis on controversial findings concerning the role of attention in different expressions of memory.

Adult↗