Ferroelectrics: the strain limits on switching.
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Ceramics↗
Biomedical subjects
Wenwu Cao
Publications and source records attributed to Wenwu Cao.
Electromechanical properties of fine-grain, 0.7 Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-0.3PbTiO3 ceramics.
A fine grain, relaxor-based piezoelectric ceramic 0.7 Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-30% PT) has been investigated, which was fabricated using the columbite precursor method. The complete set of electromechanical properties of the piezoceramic at room temperature is determined using a combination of ultrasonic and resonance techniques. This fine-grain ceramic (grain size < or = 2.5 microm) exhibits ultra-high dielectric permittivity (epsilon33(T)/epsilon0 approximately 7000) and a high coupling coefficient k(33) (= 0.78). Ultrasonic spectroscopy was used to measure the dispersion of the phase velocity and attenuation for the longitudinal wave propagating in the poling direction. Lower attenuation and smaller velocity dispersion were observed compared to modified Pb(Zr(x)Ti(1-x)O3 (PZT-5H) ceramics. The measurement results show that this fine-grain PMN-30% PT ceramic is a very good material for making ultrasonic array transducers.
Journal Article↗
Second harmonic generation of shear waves in crystals.
Nonlinear self-interaction of shear waves in electro-elastic crystals is investigated based on the rotationally invariant state function. Theoretical analyses are conducted for cubic, hexagonal, and trigonal crystals. The calculations show that nonlinear self-interaction of shear waves has some characteristics distinctly different from that of longitudinal waves. First, the process of self-interaction to generate its own second harmonic wave is permitted only in some special wave propagation directions for a shear wave. Second, the geometrical nonlinearity originated from finite strain does not contribute to the second harmonic generation (SHG) of shear waves. Therefore, unlike the case of longitudinal wave, the second-order elastic constants do not involve in the nonlinear parameter of the second harmonic generation of shear waves. Third, unlike the nonlinearity parameter of the longitudinal waves, the nonlinear parameter of the shear wave exhibits strong anisotropy, which is directly related to the symmetry of the crystal. In the calculations, the electromechanical coupling nonlinearity is considered for the 6 mm and 3 m symmetry crystals. Complement to the SHG of longitudinal waves already in use, the SHG of shear waves provides more measurements for the determination of third-order elastic constants of solids. The method is applied to a Z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal, and its third-order elastic constant c444 is determined.
Journal Article↗
Characterizing ultra-thin matching layers of high-frequency ultrasonic transducer based on impedance matching principle.
The quarter-wavelength (lambda/4) acoustic matching layer is a vital component in medical ultrasonic transducers, which can compensate for the large acoustic impedance mismatch between the piezoelectric material and the human body. At high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz), the lambda/4 matching layers become extremely thin, and the characterization of their properties becomes very challenging. We report a method to measure the phase velocity and attenuation of ultra-thin layers using the lambda/4 matching principle, in which the acoustic impedance of the thin layer is between the substrate and water. The method has been successfully used to characterize epoxy films on glass substrate. The experimental results show good agreement in the phase-velocity measurement between our proposed method and the conventional ultrasonic spectroscopy method, but the attenuation measurement is sensitive to the properties of the substrate and water medium as well as the alignment of the sample.
Journal Article↗
Characterization of piezoelectric materials with large piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients.
The relaxor based ferroelectric (1-x)Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) and (1-x)Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-xPbTiO(3) single crystals provided new challenges in property characterization because their extraordinarily large piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling coefficients. Large errors may occur in some of the derived material constants using conventional characterization techniques. This paper will analyze the inadequacy of the traditional characterization methods and provide some basic guidelines for properly characterizing piezoelectric materials with extremely high piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients.
Crystallography↗
Anisotropy in domain engineered 0.92Pb(Zn1/3 Nb2/3)O3-0.08PbTiO3 single crystal and analysis of its property fluctuations.
The orientation dependence of slowness and electromechanical coupling coefficients of 0.92Pb(Zn1/3 Nb2/3)O3-0.08PbTiO3 (PZN-8%PT) domain engineered single crystal was analyzed based on the measured complete set of elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants. There exist one quasi-longitudinal, one quasi-shear, and one pure shear wave in each of the [100]-[010], [010]-[001], and [001]-[110] planes. The slowness of the quasi-shear wave exhibits strong anisotropy in all three planes, and the coupling coefficient k33 and k31 reach their maximum in [001] and [110] directions of cubic axis, respectively. Because the composition of PMN-8%PT system is very close to the morphotropic phase boundary, the extraordinary large piezoelectric coefficients d31 and d33, and high coupling coefficient k33 are very sensitive to compositional variation. We have performed error analysis and proposed an improved characterization scheme to derive a complete data set with best consistency.
Anisotropy↗