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Willard Cates

Publications and source records attributed to Willard Cates.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

The multiple layers of prevention science research.

A systematic framework for prevention science clinical research is described that explicitly links the identification of prevention needs to the implementation of research results in public health programs. The framework integrates five elements: advocacy and policy, community participation, prevention research, acceptability research, and operations and program development. These five elements are often viewed as disparate agendas, but an effective prevention science research enterprise requires that they be coordinated and integrated through all research stages--from the conceptual, to the experimental, and ultimately to the applied. Examples are provided of how this integration can be achieved from our experience in reproductive health and HIV prevention.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2002

Dual protection against unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections: what is the best contraceptive approach?

In the midst of the global epidemics of both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection, contraceptive options that provide dual protection are ideal. However, those contraceptives with the best record of preventing pregnancy under typical use conditions (sterilization, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices) provide little if any protection against sexually transmitted infection. Alternatively, barrier contraceptive methods (specifically, condoms), which can reduce risks of many sexually transmitted infections, are associated with relatively higher pregnancy rates for most users than other contraceptives. This situation has produced a dilemma for those wishing to promote dual protection: whether to advocate use of two methods (one primarily to prevent pregnancy and the other primarily to prevent infections) or whether to emphasize use of condoms for both purposes. Data comparing these two approaches are limited and often contradictory. We discuss the underlying concepts of exposure to both pregnancy and infection, provide a broad overview of the effectiveness of contraceptive methods against these two conditions, present approaches to optimize dual protection, and propose several new directions for necessary research. In the absence of evidence-based recommendations, we believe clinicians should assist clients in assessing their likelihood of exposure to infection, either by prevalence of sexually transmitted infection in the community or by the specific risk factors of the client. If exposure is likely, particularly to the more serious infections such as human immunodeficiency virus, the one-method approach should be given greater weight. However, in settings where unintended pregnancy is the greater concern, emphasizing the two-methods approach as a first option may be appropriate.

Condoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000.

CONTEXT: In the United States, young people aged 15-24 represent 25% of the sexually experienced population. However, the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among this age-group are unknown. METHODS: Data from a variety of sources were used to estimate the incidence and prevalence of STDs among 15-24-year-olds in the United States in 2000. The quality and reliability of the estimates were categorized as good, fair or poor, depending on the quality of the data source. RESULTS: Approximately 18.9 million new cases of STD occurred in 2000, of which 9.1 million (48%) were among persons aged 15-24. Three STDs (human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis and chlamydia) accounted for 88% of all new cases of STD among 15-24-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: These estimates emphasize the toll that STDs have on American youth. More representative data are needed to help monitor efforts at lowering the burden of these infections.

Adolescent↗