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Biomedical subjects

William M Mendenhall

Publications and source records attributed to William M Mendenhall.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of radiotherapy (RT) alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma. METHODS: Between September 1966 and November 2001, 101 previously untreated patients were treated with curative intent with RT alone or combined with surgery. Follow-up ranged from 0.4 to 30.6 years (median, 6.6 years). All living patients had follow-up for at least 1 year. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year rates of local control were as follows: RT alone, 56% and 43%; surgery and RT, 94% and 91%; and overall, 77% and 69%. Multivariate analysis of local control revealed that T stage (p=.0101) and treatment group (p=.0008) significantly influenced this endpoint. The 5- and 10-year rates of distant metastases-free survival were 80% and 73%. The 5- and 10-year absolute survival rates were as follows: RT alone, 57% and 42%; surgery and RT, 77% and 55%; and overall, 68% and 49%. Multivariate analysis of absolute survival revealed that T stage (p=.0043) and clinical nerve invasion (p=.0011) significantly influenced this endpoint. The 5- and 10-year cause-specific survival rates were as follows: RT alone, 65% and 48%; surgery and RT, 81% and 71%; and overall, 74% and 61%. Multivariate analysis revealed that T stage (p=.0008) and clinical nerve invasion (p=.0005) significantly influenced cause-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal treatment for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma is surgery and adjuvant RT. A significant proportion of patients with incompletely resectable disease are cured after RT alone. Improvements in locoregional control are offset, in part, by the relatively high incidence of distant metastases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in childhood and adolescence-clinical course and role of radioiodine.

BACKGROUND: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in childhood has a good prognosis despite a high incidence of relapse. The use of radioactive iodine (RAI) has not been well established. PROCEDURE: This is a review of 60 patients less than 21 years of age; mean follow-up was 14 years. RESULTS: Patients had a higher relapse rate with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) than with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC): 24.5 vs. 9.1%. Compared with 997 patients with age > or = 21, patients <21 years of age had a higher female to male ratio (7.6 vs. 3.9), higher incidence of nodal metastasis (45 vs. 28%), and lung metastasis (15 vs. 7.8%), and improved 10-year cause-specific survival (CSS) (98.3 vs. 89.5%). The 10-year rates of CSS, local-regional failure-free survival (LRFFS), and distant metastasis failure-free survival (DMFFS) for the young patients were 98.3, 79.3, and 90.7%, respectively. In patients with no distant metastasis at presentation, RAI improved 10-year LRFFS (71.9 vs. 86.5%; P = 0.04). At last follow-up, 10 of 12 patients (80%) with local-regional (LR) relapse and five of nine patients (55.6%) with distant metastasis were rendered disease-free. No patient has experienced a second malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis of DTC in young patients was good. Patients with LR relapse and distant metastasis had a high rate of remission after treatment. RAI treatment can reduce the rate of LR relapse in patients with no distant metastasis and result in complete remission in half of those with distant metastasis. No patient experienced a second malignancy.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed2003

Impact of race on outcome after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of race (black vs. white) on the outcome of patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. METHODS: Between 1983 and 1997, 686 patients completed definitive, twice-daily radiotherapy (RT) alone or combined with a planned neck dissection; no patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The minimum follow-up was 2 years, and median follow-up was 7 years for living patients. No patients were lost to follow-up. Fifty-five patients were black (8%). RESULTS: Although the two groups had similar 5-year local-regional control rates (black patients vs. white patients: 70% vs. 76%, respectively; P = 0.275), black patients had double the risk for distant recurrence compared with white patients (27% vs. 13%; P = 0.012). The 5-year cause-specific and absolute survival rates were lower for black patients (52% vs. 74% [P = 0.001] and 29% vs. 52% [P < 0.001], respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that race was an independent predictor of freedom from distant metastasis (P = 0.013), cause-specific survival (P = 0.005), and absolute survival (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although equal local-regional control rates can be achieved in black patients and white patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the risk of distant recurrence was significantly higher in black patients and resulted in decreased survival. Reevaluation of current strategies for pretreatment metastatic work-ups and development of more effective systemic therapy will be key to improving the survival disparity in this group.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Definitive radiotherapy alone or combined with a planned neck dissection for squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal wall.

BACKGROUND: In the current study,the authors analyzed the results of definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal wall. METHODS: Between 1964 and 2000, 148 patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy. All patients had a 2-year minimum follow-up. RESULTS: The following 5-year rates of local and ultimate local control were obtained: T1 disease, 93% and 93%; T2 disease, 82% and 87%; T3 disease, 59% and 61%; and T4 disease, 50% and 50%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that twice-daily fractionation (P = 0.0009), American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I-II disease (P = 0.0051), and oropharyngeal primary site (P = 0.0193) were associated with improved locoregional control. The following 5-year absolute and cause-specific survival rates were obtained: Stage I, 56% and 89%; Stage II, 52% and 88%; Stage III, 24% and 44%; Stage IV, 22% and 34%; and overall, 30% and 49%, respectively. Eight patients (5%) died of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Locoregional control and survival were found to be related to site, extent of disease, and fractionation schedule. Although outcomes have improved in recent years, the morbidity of treatment was significant in the current study and a substantial proportion of patients died secondary to the malignancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Radiotherapy alone or after subtotal resection for benign skull base meningiomas.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to analyze the long-term local control and complications in a series of patients who were treated with radiotherapy for benign skull base meningiomas. METHODS: Between January 1984 and July 2001, 101 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone (n = 66) or after undergoing subtotal resection (n = 35). Sixty-one patients had previously untreated tumors, and 40 patients had tumors that were recurrent after prior surgery. Patients had follow-up from 0.6 years to 19 years (median, 5.1 years). The follow-up of living patients ranged from 1.3 years to 19 years (median, 5.4 years). RESULTS: The long-term local control rates were 95% at 5 years, 92% at 10 years, and 92% at 15 years. Multivariate analysis of local control revealed that none of the parameters evaluated significantly influenced this endpoint. The cause-specific survival rates were 97% at 5 years, 92% at 10 years, and 92% at 15 years; and the absolute survival rates were 86% at 5 years, 71% at 10 years, and 62% at 15 years. Multivariate analysis of cause-specific survival revealed that only gender significantly influenced this endpoint (P = 0.0185). Severe complications were observed in eight patients, and three patients experienced complications that were fatal. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of long-term progression-free survival after radiotherapy exceeded 90% and was comparable to the results of complete resection and radiosurgery. Subtotal resection was useful for decompressing the tumor if improvement in neurologic function was anticipated after surgery. Extensive subtotal resection may result in permanent neurologic deficits and did not improve long-term local control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Radiation therapy for esthesioneuroblastoma: rationale for elective neck irradiation.

PURPOSE: Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignancy of neural crest origin arising in the upper nasal cavity. We describe the University of Florida experience using radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of this neoplasm, particularly the use of elective nodal irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 1972 and August 1998, 22 patients received RT for esthesioneuroblastoma. Two additional patients were treated with palliative intent and were excluded from analysis. Equal numbers of male and female patients were treated, with a median age of 54 years (range, 3-82). The modified Kadish stage was A in 1 patient, B in 4 patients, C in 15 patients, and D in 2 patients. Treatment modalities included primary RT in 6 patients, preoperative RT in 1 patient, postoperative RT after craniofacial resection in 12 patients, and salvage RT in 3 patients treated for recurrence after surgery. Elective neck RT was performed in 11 of 20 patients; 2 patients had cervical metastases at presentation for RT. RESULTS: Rates of local control, cause-specific survival, and absolute survival at 5 years were 59%, 54%, and 48%, respectively. The cause-specific survival rate at 5 years was lower after primary RT (17%) than after craniofacial resection and postoperative RT (56%). Cervical metastases occurred in 6 of 22 patients (27%). No neck recurrences occurred in 11 patients treated with elective neck RT compared with 4 neck recurrences in 9 patients (44%) not receiving elective neck RT (p =.02). CONCLUSIONS: Combined modality therapy is preferred over RT alone in advanced-stage esthesioneuroblastoma. Our data and review of the current literature suggest a higher cervical failure rate than previously recognized. Elective neck RT seems to correlate with improved nodal control and should be considered in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parameters that predict local control after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

PURPOSE: To analyze parameters that may influence the likelihood of local control after definitive radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. METHODS: Between April 1980 and January 2000, 404 patients were treated with definitive RT alone (358 patients) or combined with adjuvant chemotherapy (46 patients) at our institution and were followed up for 0.25 to 20.25 years (median, 3.5 years.) All living patients were followed up for at least 2 years. All patients had the primary tumor volume calculated on pretreatment CT. End points were local control after RT and local control after RT without a severe late complication. Parameters evaluated in multivariate analyses of these end points included primary site, T stage, primary tumor volume, N stage, histologic differentiation, fractionation schedule, adjuvant chemotherapy, and gender. RESULTS: The rates of local control and local control without a severe late complication after RT were significantly influenced by primary tumor volume for patients with cancer of the supraglottic larynx and true vocal cord. In contrast, the rates of local control and local control without severe complications for patients with tumors of the oropharynx and hypopharynx were less influenced by tumor volume. Multivariate analysis of the overall population revealed that the only parameter that was significantly related to the probability of local control after RT was T stage. Multivariate analyses stratified by primary site revealed that tumor volume significantly influenced local control for patients with cancers of the supraglottis (p =.0220) and glottis (p =.0042) but not for those with lesions of the tonsillar fossa/posterior tonsillar pillar (p =.0892), base of tongue (p =.9493), anterior tonsillar pillar/soft palate (p =.5909), and hypopharynx (p =.2282). CONCLUSIONS: The most important parameter that has an impact on local control after RT is T stage. Primary tumor volume also significantly influences the probability of local control in cancers of the supraglottis and glottis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

PURPOSE: To analyze parameters that influence the risk of distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy. METHODS: Between 1983 and 1997, 873 patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy and had follow-up for 2 years or more. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors that might influence the risk of distant metastases. RESULTS: The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was 86%. Univariate analyses revealed that the risk of distant metastases was significantly influenced by gender (p =.0092), primary site (p =.0023), T stage (p <.0001), N stage (p <.0001), overall stage (p <.0001), level of nodal metastases in the neck (p <.0001), histologic differentiation (p =.0096), control above the clavicles (p <.0001), and time to locoregional recurrence (p <.0001). Multivariate analysis of freedom from distant metastases revealed that gender (p =.0390), T stage (p <.0001), N stage (p =.0060), nodal level (p <.0001), and locoregional control (p <.0001) significantly influenced this end point. Multivariate analysis revealed that gender (p =.0049), T stage (p <.0001), N stage (p <.0001), and locoregional control (p <.0001) significantly influenced cause-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy is 14% at 5 years and is significantly influenced by gender, T stage, N stage, nodal level, and locoregional control.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2003

Radiation therapy for angiosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Between 1964 and 1998, 19 patients with histologically proven angiosarcoma were treated with curative intent with radiation therapy. METHODS: Median follow-up was 37 months (range, 8-234 months). RESULTS: The actuarial 5-year absolute survival and local control rates were 51% and 50%, respectively. Of 12 patients who relapsed, 8 had isolated local recurrence as the first site of treatment failure, 2 had local (1 patient) or regional recurrence in conjunction with distant metastases, and 2 had distant metastases alone. Two of four patients who underwent further therapy for recurrent disease were successfully salvaged. CONCLUSIONS: Only the location of the primary tumor was a predictor of local control and absolute survival at 5 years. Angiosarcomas located on the scalp imply a dismal prognosis compared with those in other locations with the predominant pattern of failure being local recurrence. Patients should be treated aggressively with surgical resection and preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Does feeding tube placement predict for long-term swallowing disability after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer?

PURPOSE: To evaluate feeding tube use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred thirty-four patients were treated with radiotherapy (RT). RESULTS: Feeding tubes were placed in 235 patients (25%): 212 patients (22.5%) for acute toxicity, 18 patients (2%) for late effects, and 5 patients (0.5%) for both. Median duration of tube dependence for acute toxicity was 3.8 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that feeding tube placement for acute toxicity was increased with higher RT dose (p <.0001), adjuvant chemotherapy (p =.0002), advanced age (p =.0002), and the presence of neck disease (p =.0045). The risk of a feeding tube for late effects was 2% at 5 years. The likelihood of feeding tube placement for late effects was greater for women (p =.0293), higher RT dose (p =.0345), and primary sites, including the hypopharynx and multiple synchronous primary tumors (p =.0360). Feeding tube placement for late effects was unrelated to tube placement for acute toxicity. CONCLUSION: Likelihood of long-term feeding tube dependence was low and unrelated to placement for acute effects.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2003

Neck level-specific nodal metastases in oropharyngeal cancer: is there a role for selective neck dissection after definitive radiation therapy?

PURPOSE: To determine the extent of the required neck dissection for patients with persistent lymphadenopathy after definitive radiation therapy for oropharyngeal cancer. If feasible, a conservative approach using selective neck dissection would likely minimize the extent of neck fibrosis and other adverse sequelae. METHODS: Analysis of pretreatment and posttreatment radiologic scans and pathology reports of 76 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (35 tonsil; 41 base of tongue), who had radiologic evidence of persistent nodal disease for level-specific involvement. Patients were treated with twice-daily fractionations of external-beam radiation therapy (median dose, 76.8 Gy to the primary tumor) and planned neck dissection (levels I-V) for bulky nodes (N2-3) or salvage neck dissection for N1 disease. RESULTS: The distribution of clinical nodal disease by neck level on the basis of pretreatment and posttreatment radiologic scans indicated levels II and III to be most commonly involved. The false-negative rate for the restaging radiologic scans for each neck level was as follows: level I, 0%; level II, 8%; level III, 6%; level IV, 5%; and level V, 1.5%. Of the eight hemi-necks found to contain positive pathologic nodes in a neck level judged to be negative on the basis of restaging scans, five of the patients subsequently had disease recurrence in the primary site. Patients who had evidence of residual neck disease had a significantly lower rate of locoregional control (77% vs 100%, p =.0005). CONCLUSIONS: The extent of neck dissection for patients with nodal disease associated with oropharyngeal cancer treated with radiation therapy should include levels II-IV. It is reasonable to spare levels I and V in patients without radiologic and clinical evidence of positive nodes in levels I and V.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Carcinoma of the skin with perineural invasion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome and patterns of relapse in patients treated for skin carcinoma of the head and neck with either microscopic or clinical perineural invasion. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery was used to treat 135 patients with microscopic or clinical evidence of perineural invasion of skin carcinoma. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The 5-year local control rates without salvage therapy were 87% with microscopic perineural invasion and 55% with clinical perineural invasion. Overall, 88% of the local failures occurred in patients with positive margins. Almost half of the recurrences in patients with microscopic perineural invasion were limited to the first-echelon regional nodes. However, only 1 of 11 patients with basal cell carcinoma with microscopic perineural invasion had a nodal failure. Ninety percent of recurrences in patients with clinical perineural invasion occurred at the primary site. Cranial nerve deficits rarely improved after successful treatment of the primary disease. Radiographic abnormalities remained stable 30% of the time when patients had clinical evidence of progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy in patients with skin cancer with clinical perineural invasion should include treatment of the first-echelon regional lymphatics. The risk of regional node involvement is also relatively high for patients with squamous cell carcinoma with microscopic perineural invasion. In patients with clinical perineural invasion, the poor local control rates with conventional radiotherapy suggest a need for dose escalation with or without concomitant chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Factors predictive of survival for esophageal carcinoma treated with preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy followed by surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate parameters that may influence prognosis in patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred seventy-six patients with esophageal carcinoma received preoperative radiotherapy (45 patients) or chemoradiation (131 patients). Forty-three received no surgery (NS), 32 had exploratory surgery (ES), and 101 received definitive surgery (DS). RESULTS: Five-year cause-specific survival and absolute survival rates were overall, 19% and 16%; NS group, 0% and 0%; ES group, 3% and 3%; DS group, 30% and 26%. On univariate analysis, definitive surgery (P < 0.0001), tumor size less than 5 cm (P < 0.0001), and chemotherapy (P = 0.0015) were significant predictors of improved cause-specific survival. Cause-specific survival was 51% for tumors </=3 cm (n = 33), 32% for 3.1 to 4 cm (n = 28), and 16% for 4.1 to 5 cm (n = 29). No patient with a tumor >/=6 cm (n = 86) survived. Multivariate analysis of the DS group showed complete or partial pathologic response (P = 0.0001), chemotherapy (P = 0.0026), and overall treatment time less than 3 months (P = 0.0405) significantly predicted improved cause-specific survival. Tumor <5 cm was marginally significant (P = 0.0515). CONCLUSION: Patients who undergo preoperative chemoradiation and definitive surgery have improved survival.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma-the University of Florida experience.

To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy alone or combine with chemotherapy. Between 1975 to 1997, 318 patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas were treated with preoperative radiation therapy. Between 1991 and 1997, approximately 60% of patients received fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients treated since 1991 had improved downstaging compared with those treated prior to 1991. Patients treated between 1991 and 1997 were also more likely to undergo a sphincter preserving surgical procedure. Preoperative chemoradiation probably results in improved downstaging and survival compared with preoperative irradiation alone.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

Altered fractionation and/or adjuvant chemotherapy in definitive irradiation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

OBJECTIVE: To review the roles of altered fractionation and adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN: Review of the pertinent literature. METHODS: The literature pertaining to altered fractionation and/or adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck was reviewed to define the optimal combination of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: The efficacy of altered fractionation compared with conventional fractionation depends on the fractionation schedule employed. Some hyperfractionated and accelerated fractionation schedules have resulted in improved locoregional control but no significant improvement in overall survival. In contrast to induction and maintenance chemotherapy, concomitant chemotherapy appears to result in improved locoregional control and survival. CONCLUSIONS: Altered fractionation and/or concomitant chemotherapy results in improved locoregional control and, in some instances, survival for patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Depending on primary site, the applicability of these aggressive treatment regimens is limited by an enhanced probability of severe complications as tumor volume increases. The optimal combination of these modalities is unclear and will be defined by future prospective trials.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2003

Oligodendroglioma: does deferring treatment compromise outcome?

This study reports the University of Florida experience treating oligodendrogliomas with the goal of identifying the factors that predict favorable outcome. Between 1958 and June 1998, 51 patients (aged 5-75 years) were diagnosed with pure oligodendroglioma at the University of Florida. Histologic grade was anaplastic in 19 patients, low-grade in 30 patients, and unknown in one patient. Twelve patients were treated with surgery alone (10 with low-grade tumors). Thirty-nine patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy after surgery (plus chemotherapy in four patients). A biopsy was performed in 10 patients, 40 underwent subtotal or gross total resection, and one had surgery of unknown extent. Thirteen patients with a radiographic abnormality consistent with a low-grade glioma had the initiation of definitive treatment (i.e., surgery with or without radiotherapy) deferred for a median of 4.5 years before undergoing treatment for worsening symptoms or radiographic progression. Absolute survival for the entire group (51 patients) at 5, 10, and 20 years from the date of initial treatment was 61%, 37%, and 31%, respectively, and at 5, 10, and 20 years from the date of initial diagnosis was 65%, 43%, and 34%, respectively. No patient died of intercurrent disease. Multivariate analysis for absolute survival from the time of initial treatment demonstrated young age (young patients fared better than older patients) and size (<5 cm better than > or =5 cm) to be significant variables. No patient under the age of 21 years (n = 8) at the time of diagnosis has died in this series. Deferring aggressive treatment did not alter survival. Multivariate analysis for favorable absolute survival based on the time from initial diagnosis demonstrated young age and presentation with seizures alone to be statistically significant for favorable outcomes. Approximately one third of patients with oligodendroglioma appear to be cured with aggressive treatment. Age is the most important predictor of long-term progression-free and absolute survival with young patients (especially aged <21 years) doing much better than older patients. Deferring aggressive treatment (surgery and/or radiation) until symptoms clearly indicate tumor progression does not compromise outcome for a select group of patients who are diagnosed at a young age with a nonenhancing mass on MR and seizures as the lone presenting symptom.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Follicular thyroid carcinoma: prognostic factors and the role of radioiodine.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of recurrence, various prognostic factors, and the role of radioiodine in the treatment of patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). METHODS: The clinical outcomes of 215 patients with FTC who were treated at a single institution were analyzed retrospectively. The mean follow-up was 10.8 years. RESULTS: The actuarial rates of cause specific survival (CSS), locoregional (LR) control, and freedom from distant metastasis (DM) at 10 years were 81%, 83%, and 72.3%, respectively. The independent prognostic factors for survival were metastasis at presentation (relative risk [RR], 47.7), radioiodine (RAI) treatment (RR, 0.25), extrathyroidal extension (RR, 3.8), and the postoperative absence of macroscopic disease in the neck region (RR, 0.06). In patients who were treated with RAI, both the LR failure rate (RR, 0.24) and the mortality rate (RR, 0.25) were reduced to about 25%. Subgroup analysis revealed that RAI improved the survival of patients with DM at presentation (RR, 0.17) and improved the LR control rate in patients who had no DM at presentation (RR, 0.13). For patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with negative resection margins, RAI significantly reduced the rate of LR recurrence (RR, 0.05). Patients with the minimally invasive type of FTC had a good prognosis. The 10-year rates for CSS, LR control, and freedom from DM were 97.6%, 100%, and 90.6%, respectively. The prognosis of patients with frankly invasive FTC was much poorer. The 10-year rates for CSS, LR control, and freedom from DM were 66.7%, 100%, and 45%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: RAI is an effective treatment for patients with FTC. It was associated with improved survival rates and fewer recurrences.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗