Cucurbit[7]uril: A simple macrocyclic, pH-triggered hydrogelator exhibiting guest-induced stimuli-responsive behavior.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Woo Sung Jeon.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The syntheses of the bright deep blue emitting mixed ligand Ir(III) complexes comprising two cyclometalating, one phosphine and one cyano, ligands are reported. In this study, a firm connection between the nature of the excited states and the physicochemical behavior of the complexes with different ligand systems is elucidated by correlating the observed crystal structures, spectroscopic properties, and electrochemical properties with the theoretical results obtained by the density functional theory (DFT) methods. The cyclometalating ligands used here are the anions of 2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)-pyridine (F2ppy), 2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)-4-methyl pyridine (F2ppyM), and 4-amino-2-(4',6'-difluorophenyl)-pyridine (DMAF2ppy). The phosphine ligands are PhP(O-(CH2CH2O)3-CH3)2 and Ph2P(O-(CH2CH2O)n-CH3), where Ph = phenyl and n = 1 (P1), 3 (P3), or 8 (P350). The thermal stabilities of the complexes were enhanced upon increasing the "n" value. The crystal structures of the complexes, [(DMAF2ppy)2Ir(P1)CN], (P1)DMA, and [(F2ppyM)2Ir(P3)CN], (P3)F2M, show the cyano and phosphine groups being in a cis configuration to each other and in a trans configuration to the coordinating Cring atoms. The long Ir-Cring bond lengths are ascribed to the trans effect of the strong phosphine and cyano ligands. DFT calculations indicate that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is mainly contributed from the d-orbitals of the iridium atom and the pi-orbitals of cyclometalating and cyano ligands, whereas the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) spreads over only one of the cyclometalating ligands, with no contribution from phosphine ligands to both frontier orbitals. Dimethylamino substitution increases the energy of the emitting state that has more metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) character evidenced by the smaller vibronic progressions, smaller difference in the 1MLCT and 3MLCT absorption wavelengths, and higher extinction coefficients (epsilon) than the F2ppy and F2ppyM complexes. However, the increase in the basicity of the dimethylamino group in the DMAF2ppy complexes in the excited states leads to distortions and consequent nonradiative depopulation of the excited states, decreasing their lower photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. The effect of the substituents in the phosphine ligand is more pronounced in the electroluminescence (EL) than in the PL properties. Multilayer organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are fabricated by doping the Ir(III) complexes in a blend of mCP (m-bis(N-carbazolyl benzene)) and polystyrene, and their device characteristics are studied. The (P3)F2M complex shows a maximum external quantum efficiency (etaex) of 2%, a maximum luminance efficiency (etaL) of 4.13 cd/A at 0.04 mA/cm2, and a maximum brightness of 7200 cd/m2 with a shift of the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates from (0.14, 0.15) in film PL to (0.19, 0.34) in EL.
The formation of inclusion complexes between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and ferrocene and its derivatives has been investigated. The X-ray crystal structure of the 1:1 inclusion complex between ferrocene and CB[7] revealed that the guest molecule resides in the host cavity with two different orientations. Inclusion of a set of five water-soluble ferrocene derivatives in CB[7] was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and calorimetric and voltammetric techniques. Our data indicate that all neutral and cationic guests form highly stable inclusion complexes with CB[7], with binding constants in the 10(9)-10(10) M(-)(1) and 10(12)-10(13) M(-1) ranges, respectively. However, the anionic ferrocenecarboxylate, the only negatively charged guest among those surveyed, was not bound by CB[7] at all. These results are in sharp contrast to the known binding behavior of the same guests to beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), since all the guests form stable inclusion complexes with beta-CD, with binding constants in the range 10(3)-10(4) M(-1). The electrostatic surface potentials of CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8] and their size-equivalent CDs were calculated and compared. The CD portals and cavities exhibit low surface potential values, whereas the regions around the carbonyl oxygens in CBs are significantly negative, which explains the strong affinity of CBs for positively charged guests and also provides a rationalization for the rejection of anionic guests. Taken together, our data suggest that cucurbiturils may form very stable complexes. However, the host-guest interactions are very sensitive to some structural features, such as a negatively charged carboxylate group attached to the ferrocene residue, which may completely disrupt the stability of the complexes.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The first stable pi-dimer of a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) cation radical encapsulated in the cavity of cucurbit[8]uril has been isolated at room temperature and fully characterized; it shows absorption bands at 400, 540 and 760 nm, characteristic of the TTF cation radical dimer.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The binding stoichiometry of a host-guest complex can be effectively controlled by the redox chemistry of the guest: a 1:1 inclusion complex of methylviologen dication (MV2+) in cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) converts completely and reversibly to a 2:1 inclusion complex of cation radical (MV+.) in CB[8] upon the reduction of the guest.
The inclusion behavior of methylviologen (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, MV) dication in cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) has been studied by using various spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The inclusion complex of MV dication in CB[7] is stable thermodynamically and kinetically. The electrochemical study reveals that unlike beta-cyclodextrin, CB[7] prefers the charged species, MV dication (MV(2+)), and cation radical (MV(+)*) to the fully reduced neutral (MV(0) species as guests. Dimerization of MV(+)* is suppressed effectively by forming a stable complex with CB[7] in aqueous solution as confirmed by spectroelectrochemical experiments. Furthermore, the first redox process (MV(2+)/MV(+)*) of the MV(2+)-CB[7] complex occurs predominantly via the direct electron transfer pathway, whereas the second redox process (MV(+)*/MV(0)) occurs via both the direct and indirect pathway because of the low affinity of the fully reduced species MV(0) to CB[7].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.