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X Remesar

Publications and source records attributed to X Remesar.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Weight loss with long-term intermittent treatment with oral oleoyl-estrone in lean Zucker male rats.

To determine whether or not the long-term intermittent treatment with oleoyl-estrone (OE) in rats induces a cumulative weight loss, adult male rats were treated with OE over three alternating 10-day periods, with a 30-day "recovery" period occurring between each period. At the end of the third treatment period, the rats were allowed to recover and were then mated with females. Each treatment period produced a decrease of ca. 7% in body weight with no rebound during the recovery periods, whereas weight changed at the same pace in controls. The greatest difference in body weight was observed during the last days of treatment. OE-treated rats retained their initial protein pools throughout the treatment. Furthermore, treated and control males remained fertile and were able to procreate. Thus, we can conclude that intermittent OE treatment induces a cumulative weight loss in adult male rats.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Short-term oral oleoyl-estrone treatment increases plasma cholesterol turnover in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: Oral treatment with oleoyl-estrone induces the loss of body fat and improvement of insulin resistance. Since cholesterol levels are deeply affected by oleoyl-estrone, we investigated here whether short-term treatment affected cholesterol turnover and overall metabolite changes. DESIGN: Wistar female rats received a single oral dose of 10 mumol/kg oleoyl-estrone in 0.2 ml of sunflower oil. Groups of animals were killed at timed intervals and blood samples were taken. In a second experiment series, rats had implanted carotid and jugular cannulas and were given a single gavage of oleoyl-estrone. These rats were used for the measurement of the cholesterol turnover rate. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight change and food intake: Glucose, total and HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, 3-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, HOMA score in the rats of the first series. Cholesterol: Cholesterol pool changes and cholesterol turnover rates in the rats of the second series. RESULTS: OE induced early effects, decreasing food intake, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels, and increasing insulin sensitivity (HOMA score). OE also increased cholesteryl-ester turnover, and decreased circulating total cholesterol, especially esterified cholesterol pools. CONCLUSIONS: The role of early changes in insulin sensitivity induced by oral OE cannot explain per se the deep changes in cholesterol handling, essentially a consequence of accelerated lipoprotein turnover. However, the increase in cholesteryl-ester turnover observed with OE treatment may be, at least in part, a consequence of the decrease in insulin resistance. The compounded effect of increased insulin sensitivity and accelerated lipoprotein turnover may help explain the early and marked hypocholesterolaemic effects of OE.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Technical note: Measurement of total estrone content in foods. Application to dairy products.

Estrone is a powerful growth-inducing hormone that is present in milk, mainly in the form of fatty acid esters, at concentrations that promote growth in experimental animals. We present here a method useful for the measurement of this natural hormone in foods and applied it to several common dairy products. Samples were frozen, finely powdered, and lyophilized then extracted with trichloromethane/methanol; the dry extract was saponified with potassium hydroxide. The free estrone evolved was extracted with ethyl acetate and was used for the estimation of total estrone content through radioimmunoassay. Application of the method to dairy products showed high relative levels of total estrone (essentially acyl-estrone) in milk, in the range of 1 microM, which were halved in skimmed milk. Free estrone levels were much lower, in the nanomolar range. A large proportion of estrone esters was present in all other dairy products, fairly correlated with their fat content. The amount of estrone carried by milk is well within the range, where its intake may exert a physiological response in the sucklings for which it is provided. These growth-inducing and energy expenditure-lowering effects may affect humans ingesting significant amounts of dairy products.

Chloroform↗
PubMed2004

Strain variability in Zucker rats affects their response to oral oleoyl-estrone.

There is a considerable variability in the responses of Zucker fa/fa rats in metabolic studies, which could not be solely attributed to the leprfa mutation. In order to fathom the extent of this variability, we compared the response to oleoyl-estrone (OE), a powerful lipid-mobilising agent, of two strains of Zucker lean and obese rats: Harlan (H) and Charles River (CR). Rats were given an oral gavage of 10 micromol/day/kg of OE in sunflower oil, and were compared with oil-receiving controls. Body composition, energy and water balances, and plasma parameters were studied after 10 days of treatment. H rats showed a higher water turnover than CR rats; OE treatment reduced water intake, partly compensated by metabolic water, and decreased stool water. H rats accrued more cholesterol than CR animals, which showed higher cholesterolaemia. OE facilitated cholesterol disposal in lean (CR and H) and H obese rats. CR rats had higher body and liver lipids than H animals. No differences in energy balance were found. Insulin decrease following OE treatment was greater in lean CR than in H rats, but this trend was reversed in the obese rats, lacking effective responses to leptin. The red cell glucose compartment was smaller in H than in CR rats; the higher insulin levels in H rats may be partly responsible for that difference. Obese H maintained glycaemia (and liver glycogen) with higher insulin levels than CR animals. The extent to which the leprfa mutation affects the responses of Zucker fa/fa rats could not be singled out unless the metabolic environment of the batch used is known. This variability must be taken into account when developing a metabolic or hormonal study in which this model of obesity is used.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Zucker obese rats store less acyl-estrone than lean controls.

OBJECTIVE: To measure acyl-estrone levels in the plasma of Zucker obese rats. If these are lower than expected on the basis of their body-fat content, as observed in morbidly obese humans, this might provide a possible link relating obesity and low body estrone levels. We also examined the effect of pharmacological treatment with oral oleoyl-estrone on the accumulation of estrone. DESIGN: Undisturbed Wistar, Goto-Kakizaki and Zucker (lean Fa/?and obese fa/fa) rats were used to determine the relation between circulating acyl-estrone and body lipids, as well as the total body estrone/lipid ratios. One group of Wistar rats was used to measure the effect of oral gavages of oleoyl-estrone (from 0 to 20 micromol/kg/day) for 10 days on the body content of estrone. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight change and food intake. Total estrone intake, estrone accrual and excretion (by difference) in rats receiving oleoyl-estrone. Total body lipid and estrone. Circulating acyl-estrone levels. RESULTS: In lean rats (Wistar, Zucker and Goto-Kakizaki) there was a direct relation between body lipid content and circulating acyl-estrone; this relation was not found in Zucker obese rats. The estrone/lipid mass ratio was in a similar range in lean rats, but obese animals showed much lower values. Wistar rats receiving pharmacological doses of oleoyl-estrone did not accumulate significant amounts of estrone, but excreted almost all the estrone ingested. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacological administration of acyl-estrone to rats does not result in the accrual of estrone within a wide range of doses, which confirms the safety of this compound. In rats there is a similar relation between the percentage of body lipids and circulating acyl-estrone to that found in humans. Likewise, obese rats showed lower levels of acyl-estrone than expected. The total content of estrone in the bodies of obese rats was also lower than expected from their high lipid content, which suggests that obese rats are deficient in acyl-estrone.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Effect of oral oleoyl-estrone on the energy balance of diabetic rats.

We studied the effects of a 10-day oral 10 micromol/kg oleoyl-estrone (OE) treatment on streptozotocin-diabetic Wistar, Goto-Kakizaki and control Wistar rats. Streptozotocin rats lost more than half the energy ingested as urine glucose. Oleoyl-estrone induced the loss of body weight (mainly body fat) in all groups. Energy expenditure was similar in the three groups of rats studied. Water turnover was deranged in streptozotocin rats, which spent 14% of energy available heating the water drunk. Body lipids were highest in Goto-Kakizaki; lipid levels in streptozotocin rats were very low. Oleoyl-estrone decreased body lipid content in Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki; oleoyl-estrone decreased triacylglycerols (44% in Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki and 22% in streptozotocin rats) and phospholipids but did not affect body cholesterol. Oleoyl-estrone decreased insulin and leptin, did not affect blood glucose but decreased plasma glucose in all groups. There were no changes in plasma triacylglycerols or fatty acids, but HDL, LDL and cholesterol decreased in all groups. The same effects of OE on insulin, plasma (but not blood) glucose and leptin were observed in both models, but the presence of insulin seems to be needed for OE to normalise glycaemia and to facilitate the uptake and utilisation of glucose by tissues. This different handling of glucose and triacylglycerol energy accounts for the disparate effects of OE on energy balance. The main conclusion of this study is that OE function as a lipid-mobilising hormone is dependent on the mass of reserves available, which in turn is closely related to insulin status. Lack of insulin thus results in limited OE effects, and insulin resistance does not prevent or limit the effects of OE on energy homeostasis or the mobilisation of fat.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Changes in UCP expression in tissues of Zucker rats fed diets with different protein content.

The effect of dietary protein content on the uncoupling proteins (UCP) 1, 2 and 3 expression in a number of tissues of Zucker lean and obese rats was studied. Thirty-day-old male Zucker lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats were fed on hyperproteic (HP, 30% protein), standard (RD, 17% protein) or hypoproteic (LP, 9% protein) diets ad libitum for 30 days. Although dietary protein intake affected the weights of individual muscles in lean and obese animals, these weights were similar. In contrast, huge differences were observed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver weights. Lean rats fed on the LP diet generally increased UCP expression, whereas the HP group had lower values. Obese animals, HP and LP groups showed higher UCP expression in muscles, with slight differences in BAT and lower values for UCP3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The mean values of UCP expression in BAT of obese rats were lower than in their lean counterpart, whereas the expression in skeletal muscle was increased. Thus, expression of UCPs can be modified by dietary protein content, in lean and obese rats. A possible thermogenic function of UCP3 in muscle and WAT in obese rats must be taken into account.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed2002

Effect of oral oleoyl-estrone treatment on plasma lipoproteins and tissue lipase activities of Zucker lean and obese female rats.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of oral oleoyl-estrone on the plasma lipoprotein profile and tissue lipase activities in order to determine the handling of circulating lipids by adipose tissue, liver and muscle of obese female rats. DESIGN: Lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) female Zucker rats treated for 10 days with a daily gavage of 0.2 ml sunflower oil containing 0 (controls) or 10 micromol/kg of oleoyl-estrone. After sacrifice, samples of tissues and plasma were taken. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma lipoprotein classes and composition; lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities in plasma, liver, skeletal muscle and periovaric and mesenteric white adipose tissue (WAT). RESULTS: Oleoyl-estrone decreased plasma cholesterol (mainly in HDLs: 76%) of lean rats, but dramatically decreased all lipid classes in obese rats, in which chylomicra and VLDL lost most of their triacylglycerols (95 and 81%, respectively). Hepatic lipase activity decreased markedly with oleoyl-estrone in all groups, both in plasma (79% lean, 100% obese) and liver (62% in both groups). Lipoprotein lipase activity was largely unchanged by oleoyl-estrone in lean rats, but in the obese it decreased in WAT (82% in periovaric, and 49% in mesenteric), and increased in plasma (x4) and in skeletal muscle (x5); liver levels showed no change. CONCLUSIONS: The shift observed in obese rats from a decrease in liver and WAT lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities to an increase in muscle lipoprotein lipase is coincident with the hypolipemic effect of oleoyl-estrone, especially in obese rats, and indicates that muscle is a key site for the disposal of endogenous fat mobilized due to oleoyl-estrone treatment.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Effect of oral oleoyl-estrone on adipose tissue composition in male rats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the oral administration of oleoyl-estrone has similar mass-decreasing effects on the main different sites of white adipose tissue (WAT). DESIGN: Adult male Zucker lean rats were given a daily oral gavage of oleoyl-estrone (OE, 10 micromol/kg) in 0.2 ml of sunflower oil for 10 days, and were compared with controls receiving only the oil. The mass of the main WAT sites: subcutaneous, epididymal, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, gluteal, perirenal and interscapular, as well as perirenal and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), were dissected and studied. MEASUREMENTS: The tissue weight, DNA, protein, lipid and total cholesterol content, together with the levels of leptin and acyl-estrone in the larger WAT and BAT masses, were measured. RESULTS: The weights of WAT depots were correlated with body weight but those of BAT were not. Cell size was maximal for epididymal and mesenteric and minimal for subcutaneous and retroperitoneal WAT and BAT. Differences were detected in DNA, and in protein and lipid content between distinct WAT sites. OE treatment tended to decrease cell number and cell size in WAT; only small differences in composition were found between WAT locations inside the visceral cavity and those outside. Decreases in lipid content were maximal in mesenteric fat. Leptin and acyl-estrone content were fairly uniform at the different WAT sites, except for high concentrations in gluteal WAT. OE induced a greater decrease in leptin and acyl-estrone than in DNA and lipids; changes in these hormones were fairly parallel in all sites. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the differences in composition between visceral and peripheral subcutaneous WAT and their responses to OE were less marked than the individual differences observed between specific sites, regardless of location. WAT sites are fairly diverse in composition, but their response to OE treatment was uniform. OE decreased the weight of WAT through reduction of both cell numbers and size; but did not change the mass or composition of BAT significantly. The effects of OE are more marked in the hormonal signals (leptin and acyl-estrone) from the tissue than in its composition and mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Oleoyl-estrone does not have direct estrogenic effects on rats.

The estrogenic effects of oleoyl-estrone (OE) administration, either though continuous i.v. infusion with osmotic minipumps or administered by daily oral gavage, were studied. Binding of OE to human recombinant purified alpha receptors was negligible, and that of estrone (E1) was only a fraction of 17beta-estradiol (E2) binding. Intravenous--but not oral--OE administration resulted in marked increases of both E1 and E2 in rat plasma, but oral OE did not induce significant changes in either plasma hormone in Wistar or Zucker rats. The weight of uteri and ovaries increased with time of administration in Zucker rats treated with i.v. OE, but inguinal mammary gland proliferation between subcutaneous adipose tissue was even more marked. Oral administration of OE, however, did not increase either uterine weight or mammary gland proliferation, even at doses (10 micromol/kg x d) higher than those given i.v. (3.5 micromol/kg x d). The results indicate that i.v. administration of OE resulted in limited estrogenic effects mainly due to the high accumulation of E1 giving rise to significant increases in E2. On the other hand, oral administration of OE, even at higher daily doses, did not increase the circulating levels of either estrogen and, therefore, there were no significant effects on mammary gland proliferation or uterine weight. The oral administration of OE as a slimming drug, then, do not result in estrogenic side effects over a wide range of daily doses.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Intestinal handling of an oral oleoyl-estrone gavage by the rat.

Adult Zucker lean (Fa/?) female rats received a single 250 nmol oral gavage of 3H-labelled oleoylestrone in 0.2 ml of sunflower oil. After one hour, samples of arterial, portal and suprahepatic blood, and lymph were obtained and fractioned to determine the amount of radioactivity present in the form of free estrone, acyl-estrone and hydrophilic estrone esters in the blood of each vessel. Lipoprotein fractions (chylomicra + VLDL, LDL, HDL and lipoprotein-depleted plasma) were also analysed as well as the distribution of absorbed 3H-estrone in the intestine, specific organs and carcass. About one third of the oleoyl-estrone dose recovered was found in the tissues, mainly in the blood, the rest remaining relatively untouched in the intestinal content. High hypothalamic estrone uptake (compared with the rest of the brain) was observed. Data from non-radioactive estrone measurements showed a similar pattern of absorption and tissue distribution to that obtained by 3H-estrone tracking alone. In both cases, most of the estrone present in the intestinal lumen was absorbed as intact oleoyl-estrone, but a significant part was absorbed as free estrone. There is a net transfer of 3H-estrone into portal blood HDL, and part of the 3H-estrone is also loaded into lymph-carried chylomicra. A large share of free estrone is filtered by the liver, but most of the acyl-estrone absorbed passes unaltered. The oral administration of oleoyl-estrone results in significant absorption of the unaltered molecule, which is transferred to lymph-carried chylomicra and also directly to plasma HDLs. It may be inferred that the HDL fraction contains the physiological carrier of oleoyl-estrone in its role of ponderostat signal.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

[Hormonal alterations on young morbid obese women].

BACKGROUND: Human obesity is a widespread disease with considerable variability as to its severity, metabolic and endocrine manifestations and etiology. In the present study we have determined whether the alterations of uncomplicated severe obesity in adult young women affect with different intensity the circulating levels of hormones that have been postulated to intervene in the development and maintenance of obesity. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Age-matched 20 morbidly obese (BMI 52.6 [8.3 SD] kg/m2) and 10 normal-weight control women (BMI 19.9 [2.1 SD] kg/m2)were studied and determined the basal circulating levels of hormones and proteins related with the control of body weight. RESULTS: Obese women showed higher concentrations of insulin and leptin, and lower of cortisol and cortisol-binding globulin (CBG). No significant differences were appreciated for free thyroxine, TSH, free and acylestrone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that morbid obesity implies the alteration of the main hormonal systems controlling the availability of energy and the response to external challenges, with the noteworthy exception of the thyroid. There were clear alterations of insulin and leptin,but cortisol changes could be more related to factors other than obesity. The lower than expected levels of acylestrone point to a possible deficit of this ponderostat signal in obese women. The relatively young age of the women in the study may account for the relative shallowness of the hormonal changes observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of 24-h food deprivation on lipoprotein composition and oleoyl-estrone content of lean and obese Zucker rats.

BACKGROUND: Food deprivation induces the mobilization of fat reserves and, consequently, the transport of lipids in plasma. Zucker obese rats are grossly hyperlipidemic and do not use lipids as an efficient energy substrate. They also have lower circulating levels of acyl-estrone than expected because of their large fat stores. AIM OF THE STUDY: To measure the effect of 24 h food deprivation on hyperlipidemia and acyl-estrone distribution in plasma in Zucker obese rats. METHODS: The plasma lipoprotein distribution and composition of Zucker lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats was determined after 24 hours of food deprivation. Lipid classes: phospholipid, free and esterified cholesterol and triacylglycerols, and protein and total (mainly acyl-) estrone were also measured in total plasma and lipoprotein fractions. RESULTS: Food-deprived rats showed lower triacylglycerol levels than fed rats, but obese rats maintained high lipid levels, mainly in the VLDL fraction. The ratio of total plasma free-to-esterified cholesterol was lower in fed lean rats (0.29) than in the obese (0.61); the situation improved slightly after 24-h starvation, since the corresponding ratios were 0.30 and 0.41. Acyl estrone levels changed little with 24-h food deprivation. The chylomicra + VLDL total estrone compartment was essentially unchanged in lean and obese fed and starved groups, but the HDL pool decreased with food deprivation in the obese. CONCLUSION: Short-term starvation helped to enhance the differences between lean and obese Zucker rats in the handling of lipoprotein lipids, the latter showing a marked impairment in their ability to dispose of circulating lipids. The different pace of plasma lipid utilization may compound the problems of cholesterol transfer, partly explaining the dyslipemia that characterizes this animal model of obesity. The differences in acyl-estrone distribution also indicate that fat mass is preserved more effectively in obese rats even after food deprivation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Dietary oleoyl-estrone delays the growth rate of young rats.

BACKGROUND: Oleoyl-estrone administration induces the rapid loss of fat preserving body protein. AIM OF THE STUDY: We intended to check whether the fat-shedding effect of oleoyl-estrone arrests growth in young rats, limiting the buildup of protein and fat. METHODS: Oleoyl-estrone diluted in a powdered hyperlipidic diet (33 mumol/kg) was given for 30 days to 30-day old Zucker lean (Fa/?) rats. Their body weight and food consumption were followed daily; on day 30 of treatment (60-day old rats), whole body composition (lipid, protein) was determined, and plasma energy parameters and leptin were measured. RESULTS: Oleoyl-estrone-treated rats grew more slowly than controls fed the hyperlipidic diet alone, and on day 60 their lipid content was about half that of controls. Protein content per kg was identical in both groups, but treated rats tended to accumulate less nitrogen and energy because of their smaller size. No changes in plasma glucose, urea, triacylglycerols or total cholesterol were observed, but oleoyl-estrone-treated rats showed lower circulating leptin than controls. CONCLUSION: Despite limiting the accumulation of lipids, oleoyl-estrone slowed, but did not arrest growth of young rats, nor elicit a loss of fat or protein.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Corticosteroid-binding globulin synthesis and distribution in rat white adipose tissue.

Corticosterone binding (CB) capacity was determined in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as in plasma of lean Zucker rats. Perfusion of rats with saline eliminated most liver and kidney corticosterone binding but did not affect CB in WAT. The cytosol extracts of isolated cells, however, did not bind corticosterone in detectable amounts. By means of a RT-PCR procedure it was found that corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) was expressed in WAT. By immunohistochemical detection in WAT sections, CBG was seen in a thin layer surrounding the cells near the plasma membrane. These data suggest that the CBG layer surrounding the cells may act as a protective barrier limiting the access of glucocorticoids to adipocytes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Modulation by leptin, insulin and corticosterone of oleoyl-estrone synthesis in cultured 3T3 L1 cells.

Preadipocytes (3T3 L1) were used between 7 and 14 days after differentiation; they were incubated with 44 nM 3H-esterone. The medium was supplemented with 1 microM recombinant murine leptin, 10 nM recombinant human insulin, or 1 microM corticosterone for up to 72 hr. In a second series of experiments, cells were incubated for 48 hr with different concentrations of leptin, insulin or corticosterone, and compared with controls (plain medium). Cells were harvested, washed in buffer and homogenized, and protein was measured. Lipid extracts of cell homogenates were used for HPLC; the label distribution in free and acylestrone peaks was measured. Overall uptake of estrone (i.e., the sum of free and acylestrone) by cells was not affected by leptin or corticosterone, but strongly reduced by insulin. Leptin and corticosterone increased the synthesis of acyl-esterone in a dose- and time-dependent way. Insulin decreased acyl-estrone synthesis at low concentrations and with little change over time. The results suggest that control of oleoyl-estrone deposition in adipocytes is modulated in at least two distinct steps: (a) estrone uptake, affected by insulin in the physiological range; and (b) synthesis of oleoyl-estrone from cell estrone. The latter may be affected by insulin, but leptin and corticosterone enhance the process.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2001

Daily oral oleoyl-estrone gavage induces a dose-dependent loss of fat in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether single daily oral doses of oleoyl-estrone result in dose-dependent slimming effects on normal weight rats, and to determine the changes in energy parameters induced by this treatment. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The effects of a daily oral gavage of oleoyl-estrone (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 micromol/kg per day) in 0.2 ml of sunflower oil given over a 10-day period were studied in groups, each of which contained six adult female Wistar rats initially weighing 190 to 230 g. A group of intact control rats receiving no gavage was included for comparison. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. Rats were killed on day 10 of treatment, and body composition (protein nitrogen, lipids, and water), liver lipids, and plasma parameters (glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, urea, aspartate, alanine transaminases, insulin, leptin, and free and acyl-estrone) were measured. RESULTS: The administration of oleoyl-estrone resulted in a dose-dependent loss of body fat, because of a partly maintained energy expenditure combined with decreased food intake. The differences in the energy budget were met by internal fat pools. The changes recorded did not affect the levels of the main plasma energy homeostasis indicators: unaltered glucose, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, 3hydroxybutyrate, and urea. Protein was accrued even under conditions of severe lipid store drainage. There were no changes in transaminases. No lipid accumulation was recorded in the liver. Plasma insulin and leptin levels decreased with increased oleoyl-estrone doses, whereas the levels of free and esterified estrone increased with treatment, although not in proportion to the dose received. DISCUSSION: Oral treatment with oleoyl-estrone resulted in the specific dose-related loss of fat reserves with little change to other metabolic parameters. These results agree with the postulated role of oleoyl-estrone as a ponderostat signal.

Adipose Tissue↗