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Xi-Sheng Leng

Publications and source records attributed to Xi-Sheng Leng.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Effects of 5-hydroxytamine and its antagonists on hepatic stellate cells.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) plays a key role in hepatic fibrosis. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of 5-hydroxytamine receptors in HSC and the effect of 5-hydroxytamine on biological characteristics of HSC. METHODS: Liver ex vivo perfusion of collagenase and density gradient centrifugation were used to isolate HSCs. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of 5-hydroxytamine receptor subtypes 1A, 2A, 2B and 3. Western blot hybridization was used to elucidate the effect of 5-hydroxytamine and its 2A receptor antagonist ketanserin and 3 receptor antagonist ondanosetron on the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Smad4 in HSC. RESULTS: HSC expressed 5-hydroxytamine receptor subtypes 1A, 2A and 2B. 5-hydroxytamine significantly increased the expression of TGF-beta1 and Smad4 in HSC (P<0.05). This action can be antagonized by ketanserin, not by ondanosetron. CONCLUSIONS: HSC expresses 5-hydroxytamine receptors. 5-Hydroxytamine could effect the biological characteristics of HSC through its receptor mediation, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of Shenfu injection on ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver graft.

BACKGROUND: It is reported that Shenfu injection (an injection prepared from traditional Chinese medicines red ginseng and aconite root) can decrease the extent of ischemia-reperfusion injury to many organs, such as the heart and kidney. We therefore investigated the effect of Shenfu injection on ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver graft and its mechanism. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as a model for isogeneic orthotopic liver transplantation. Sixty rats were randomly divided into two groups (30 in each group). The recipient was given intravenous Shenfu injection immediately before the removal of the liver in the Shenfu group and normal saline of the same volume in the control group. At 3, 6 and 24 hours after the reperfusion, blood and hepatic tissue were taken for examination. RESULTS: The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) increased more significantly in the Shenfu group than in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of serum liver enzymes, hyaluronic acid (HA), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), endothelin -1 (ET-1) and liver cell apoptosis index were lower in the Shenfu group than in the control group (P<0.05). Microscopic examination revealed that the morphological changes of hepatic tissue were more severe in the control group than in the Shenfu group. CONCLUSIONS: Shenfu injection has protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver graft. It inhibits the production of oxygen free radical and the activation of Kupffer cells, decreases apoptosis of liver cell, and improves microcirculation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma on the biological characters of hepatic stellate cells.

AIM: To study the effect of rosiglitazone, which is a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), on the expression of PPARgamma in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and on the biological characteristics of HSCs. METHODS: The activated HSCs were divided into three groups: control group, 3 micromol/L rosiglitazone group, and 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group. The expression of PPARgamma, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and type I and III collagen was detected by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined with methylthiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. Cell apoptosis was demonstrated with flow cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of PPARgamma at mRNA and protein level markedly increased in HSCs of 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group (t value was 10.870 and 4.627 respectively, P<0.01 in both). The proliferation of HSCs in 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group decreased significantly (t = 5.542, P<0.01), alpha-SMA expression level and type I collagen synthesis ability were also reduced vs controls (t value = 10.256 and 14.627 respectively, P<0.01 in both). The apoptotic rate of HSCs significantly increased in 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group vs control (chi(2) = 16.682, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: By increasing expression of PPARgamma in activated HSCs, rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARgamma, decreases alpha-SMA expression and type I collagen synthesis, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Clinical analysis of surgical treatment of portal hypertension.

AIM: To review the experience in surgery for 508 patients with portal hypertension and to explore the selection of reasonable operation under different conditions. METHODS: The data of 508 patients with portal hypertension treated surgically in 1991-2001 in our centers were analyzed. Of the 508 patients, 256 were treated with portaazygous devascularization (PAD), 167 with portasystemic shunt (PSS), 62 with selective shunt (SS), 11 with combined portasystemic shunt and portaazygous devascularization (PSS+PAD), 9 with liver transplantation (LT), 3 with union operation for hepatic carcinoma and portal hypertension (HCC+PH). RESULTS: In the 167 patients treated with PSS, free portal pressure (FPP) was significantly higher in the patients with a longer diameter of the anastomotic stoma than in those with a shorter diameter before the operation (P < 0.01). After the operation, FPP in the former patients markedly decreased compared to the latter ones (P < 0.01). The incidence rate of hemorrhage in patients treated with PAD, PSS, SS, PSS+PAD, and HCC+PH was 21.09% (54/256), 13.77 (23/167), 11.29 (7/62), 36.36% (4/11), and 100% (3/3), respectively. The incidence rate of hepatic encephalopathy was 3.91% (10/256), 9.58% (16/167), 4.84% (3/62), 9.09% (1/11), and 100% (3/3), respectively while the operative mortality was 5.49% (15/256), 4.22% (7/167), 4.84% (3/62), 9.09% (1/11), and 66.67% (2/3) respectively. The operative mortality of liver transplantation was 22.22% (2/9). CONCLUSION: Five kinds of operation in surgical treatment of portal hypertension have their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the selection of operation should be based on the actual needs of the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Identification of two naturally presented MAGE antigenic peptides from a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma by mass spectrometry.

In the absence of efficient systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy is considered a hopeful treatment for controlling recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The identification of proper antigenic peptides presented by MHC class I molecules is a critical step for the development of therapeutic vaccines against tumors. Currently, the "reverse immunology" approach is the most commonly used technique in the identification of the tumor-associated T cell epitopes. However, it is based on T cell dependent approach and cannot fully reflect the actual presentation of epitope in tumor in vivo. In the present study, we managed to identify the naturally presented MAGE epitopes of HCC directly by epitope prediction, HPLC differential analysis and MS detection. We successfully detected a naturally processed peptide FLWGPRALV (MAGE-3(271-279), HLA-A2-restricted) with an estimated number of 38-39 copies/cell in HCC. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that the naturally processed MAGE-3(271-279) can be isolated and identified from the tumor tissue of HCC patient. Furthermore, specific CD8(+) T cell responses to this epitope were also found after tumor relapse by IFN-gamma release Cytospot and tetramer assay indicating that MAGE-3(271-279) was indeed presented by HCC cells in vivo. In addition, another new antigen peptide was found, which may be derived from MAGE-1. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the direct approach for identification of tumor-associated epitopes. This approach may become a useful tool for the development of vaccine against cancer in the future.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation by interleukin-10/platelet derived growth factor/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory effect of interleukin-10 (IL10) on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) through platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. METHODS: HSC were divided randomly into 4 groups. Group 1 served as a control. HSC were incubated with 1 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml, and 25 ng/ml IL-10 in groups 2, 3 and 4. RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression of PDGF and MAPK protein ERK and p38 and alpha-SMA. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, expressions of ERK, p38 and alpha-SMA of groups 2, 3 and 4 were significantly lower (F values were 240.47, 21.39, 28.86 respectively. IL-10 inhibited PDGF and MAPK protein ERK and p38 and alpha-SMA expression in a dose-dependent way. CONCLUSION: IL-10 inhibits activation of HSC through the PDGF/MAPK pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of portaazygous disconnection, portocaval shunt and selective shunts on experimental rat liver cirrhosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of portaazygous disconnection (PAD), portacaval shunt (PCS) and distal splenocaval shunt (DSCS) on the portosytemic shunting (PSS), hepatic function (HF), hepatic mitochondrial respiratory function (HMRF), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and arterial ketone body ratio (KBR) in order to provide a sound basis for selecting suitable operations for patients. METHODS: Using a cirrhotic portal hypertensive model induced by CCl4/ethanol in Wistar rats, the PSS, HF, HMRF, OGTT and KBR were determined three weeks after PCS, DSCS and PAD. RESULTS: It was revealed that: (1) In the cirrhotic portal hypertension rats, the PSS increased significantly, HMRF and hepatic reserve function (HRF) decreased significantly when compared with the control rats. (2) At the time of first postoperative week, the mean blood glucose value in the 120-minute OGTT in each PAD, PCS and DSCS groups had significant differences compared with the cirrhotic control group. But during the second and third postoperative weeks, the mean blood glucose values in the 120-minute OGTT in both PAD and DSCS groups had no significant differences compared with the cirrhotic control group except for the PCS group. The values of KBR in the three operative groups decreased significantly compared with the cirrhotic control group during the two postoperative weeks. In the third postoperative week, only the values of KBR in the PCS group had a significant difference compared with the cirrhotic control group. (3) After PCS, the PSS was further increased; HF and HMRF were significantly decreased. Little improvement was found in the third postoperative week. (4) After DSCS and PAD, the above mentioned indices were less influenced, and they were restored more quickly than those in the PCS group. CONCLUSION: We found that PAD and DSCS are more desirable than PCS.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Development of living related liver transplantation].

Living related liver transplantation (LRLT) has been developed as a rescue for the ever deteriorating shortage of cadaveric donor liver, especially in Asian countries and areas where the concept of brain death has not widely been accepted. Inclusion criteria for the biologically suitable potential donor of LRLT should be strict and approved by the ethical committee of the hospital before clinical evaluation is taken. Anatomical, physiological and clinical practices have proved that donor mortality is acceptably very low. The early and middle-long term results for the recipient of LRLT is comparable with and even better than those of cadaveric liver transplantation. In mainland China, interest in LRLT is surging with the volume ever increased and donor's safety guaranteed.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

A novel, rapid strategy to form dendritomas from human dendritic cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3 cells using mature dendritic cells derived from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes within 48 hours of in vitro culture.

AIM: Dendritomas formed by fusing cancer cells to dendritic cells have already been applied to clinical treatment trial of several types of cancers. Dendritic cells for the fusion in most trials and experiments were from blood monocytes in standard 7-d protocol culture, which requires 5-7 d of culture with granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), followed by 2-3 d of activation with a combination of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). One study showed that mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells could be obtained within 48 h of in vitro culture with the same protocol as standard 7-d culture and referred to as FastDCs. Here we aimed to fuse human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3 cells with mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells within 48 h of in vitro culture (FastDC). METHODS: HCCLM3 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 with 150 mL/L fetal calf serum (FCS). CD14+monocytes from healthy human peripheral blood were purified with MACS CD14 isolation kit and cultured in six-well plates in fresh complete DC medium containing RPMI-1640, 20 mL/L heat inactivated human AB serum, 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, 100 microg/mL gentamicin, 1 000 U/mL GM-CSF and 500 U/mL IL-4 for 24 h, then proinflammatory mediators such as TNFalpha (1 000 U/mL), IL-1beta (10 ng/mL), IL-6 (10 ng/mL) and PGE(2) (1 microg/mL) were supplemented for another 24 h, and thus mature FastDCs were generated. HCCLM3 cells and FastDCs were labeled with red fluorescent dye PKH26-GL and green fluorescent dye PKH67-GL respectively. After the red fluorescent-stained HCCLM3 cells were irradiated with 50 Gy, FastDCs and irradiated HCCLM3 cells were fused in 500 mL/L polyethylene glycol(PEG)+100 mL/L dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to generate novel dendritomas. The FastDCs and novel dendritomas were immunostained with anti-CD80, anti-CD86, anti-CD83, anti-HLA-DR mAbs and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Novel dendritomas were nucleus-stained with Hoechst 33258 and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: Mature FastDCs with highly expressed surface markers CD80, CD86, CD83 and HLA-DR were generated within 48 h in vitro. Novel dendritomas with dual red-green fluorescence were constructed fast and successfully, and FACS analysis showed that the fusion efficiency was 24.27% and the novel dendritomas expressed the same activation markers as FastDCs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis showed representative images of dendritomas. CONCLUSION: Dendritomas can be formed fast with mature FastDCs from healthy human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) by incubation with GM-CSF and IL-4 for 24 h and by activation with proinflammatory mediators for an additional period of 24 h. Owing to shorter time required for in vitro DCs development, the generation of these novel dendritomas reduced labor and cost. This rapid method for formation of dendritomas may represent a new strategy for immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed2004

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands suppress liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats.

AIM: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is known to regulate growth arrest and terminal differentiation of adipocytes and is used clinically as a new class of antidiabetic drugs. Recently, several studies have reported that treatment of cancer cells with PPARgamma ligands could induce cell differentiation and apoptosis, suggesting a potential application as chemopreventive agents against carcinogenesis. In the present study, 3 different kinds of PPARgamma ligands were subjected to the experiments to confirm their suppressive effects on liver carcinogenesis. METHODS: Three PPARgamma ligands, pioglitazone (Pio) (200 ppm), rosiglitazone (Rosi) (200 ppm), and troglitazone (Tro) (1,000 ppm) were investigated on the induction of the placental form of rat glutathione S-transferase (rGST P) positive foci, a precancerous lesion of the liver, and liver cancer formation using a diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer model in Wistar rats, and dose dependency of a PPARgamma ligand was also examined. RESULTS: PPARgamma ligands reduced the formation of rGST P-positive foci by diethylnitrosamine and induction of liver cancers was also markedly suppressed by a continuous feeding of Pio at 200 ppm. CONCLUSION: PPARgamma ligands are potential chemopreventive agents for liver carcinogenesis.

Alkylating Agents↗
PubMed2004

The spontaneous CD8+ T-cell response to HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1b peptide in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can express various cancer-testis antigens including NY-ESO-1, members of the SSX family, members of the MAGE family, SCP-1, and CTP11. Immunotherapy directed against these antigens is a potential alternative treatment for HCC. To date, it remains unclear whether HCC patients have spontaneous immune responses to these tumor antigens. The objectives of this study were to measure immune responses to NY-ESO-1, a promising cancer vaccine candidate, in HCC patients using the HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1b peptide (p157-165) to measure cellular responses and whole protein to measure antibody responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In HLA-A2(+) patients with NY-ESO-1(+) HCC, we analyzed T-cell antigen-dependent interferon (IFN)-gamma and/or Granzyme B release by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and IFN-gamma-producing intracellular cytokine flow cytometry (CytoSpot). As an assay independent of T-cell function, we performed tetramer staining. Antibodies to whole NY-ESO-1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The frequency of specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1b in 28 NY-ESO-1 mRNA(+)HLA-A2(+) HCC patients was 35.7% (10 of 28). The average magnitude of effector CD8(+) T cells was 0.3% (89 +/- 59 per 2.5 x 10(4) CD8(+) cells) and 1.2% as measured by IFN-gamma release ELISPOT and CytoSpot assays, respectively. These in vitro induced NY-ESO-1b-specific CD8(+) T cells can also recognize HepG2 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-NY-ESO-1 in both IFN-gamma and Granzyme B ELISPOT assays. Frequencies of NY-ESO-1b-specific T cells in several patients were confirmed by tetramer staining. Nonfunctional tetramer(+)CD8(+) T cells were also present. The CD8(+) T-cell response was apparently increased in patients with late-stage HCC. A discordance between antibody and CD8(+) T-cell responses in HCC patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated frequency of specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1b in NY-ESO-1 mRNA(+)HLA-A2(+) HCC patients suggests that NY-ESO-1 is appropriate for use in the immunotherapy of HCC patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Expression of cancer-testis antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To investigate the expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens MAGE-1, SSX-1,CTp11 and HCA587 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the possibility of applying these antigens as targets for specific immunotherapy for HCC. METHODS: Expression levels of MAGE-1, SSX-1, CTp11 and HCA587 mRNA were detected with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in HCC tissues and corresponding adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 105 HCC patients, 40 samples of cirrhosis and normal liver tissues. Genes of five samples with positive PCR results were sequenced. RESULTS: Of 105 HCC tissues, MAGE1, SSX-1,CTp11 and HCA587 mRNA expressions were detectable in 75.2%(79/105), 72.4%(76/105), 62.9%(66/105) and 56.2%(59/105) of HCC samples, respectively. About 93.3%(98/105), 72.4%(76/105), 48.6%(51/105) and 37.1%(39/105) of HCC tissues positively expressed at least one, two, three, and four members of CT antigens, respectively. Conversely, only SSX-1 could be detectable in 2.9%(3/105) of the corresponding adjacent non-HCC tissues in which no metastatic lesion was found. Of the latter 3 patients, biopsy samples far from tumor were obtained in 2 patients and RT-PCR indicated no expression of SSX-1 mRNA in these two samples. In addition, none of 40 samples of cirrhotic and normal liver tissues expressed CT antigen gene mRNA. DNA sequences confirmed that the RT-PCR products were true target cDNA. No relationship was found between expression of CT antigens and clinico pathological indicators such as age, gender, tumor size, degree of tumor differentiation, serum alpha-fetoprotein level and infection of hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: CT antigens genes (MAGE-1, SSX-1, CTp11 and HCA587) are expressed with high percentage and specificity in HCC and their products are promising targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy of HCC. High frequent co-expression of multiple members of CT antigens in HCC provides possibility of polyvalent vaccinations for HCC.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Obstruction of TGF-beta1 signal transduction can decrease the process of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice induced by CCl4/ethanol].

OBJECTIVE: To study obstruction of the TGF-beta(1) signal transduction by antisense RNA of Smad(4) and its effects on experimental hepatic carcinoma of mice. METHODS: We used the mouse model of primary hepatic carcinoma induced by CCl(4)/ethanol, and transferred antisense Smad(4)cDNA with retrovirus-mediated via portal vein infusion into liver. Southern Blot confirmed that the antisense Smad(4)cDNA had been integrated into the liver. The antisense Smad(4) gene could down-regulate the expression of Smad(4) in fibrotic liver observed by Northern and Western Blot. RESULTS: In the non-therapeutic cirrhotic liver, the expression of Smad(4) mRNA was significantly increased than normal liver. After antisense Smad(4) gene was transferred, the expression of Smad(4) mRNA in the therapeutic liver was significantly decreased compared with non-therapeutic cirrhotic liver. The fibrotic degree of therapeutic liver was alleviated compared with the non-therapeutic fibrotic liver. No significant difference was found between the rates of carcinogenesis of non-therapeutic cirrhotic liver and that of therapeutic cirrhotic liver. But the diameters and numbers of the liver cancers in the therapeutic cirrhotic group were less than that in the non-therapeutic cirrhotic group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the antisense Smad(4) gene not only can obstruct the progression of liver fibrosis, but also can inhibit the progression of liver cancer, by obstructing the signal transduction of TGF-beta1.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2004

Expression of subtypes of somatostatin receptors in hepatic stellate cells.

AIM: To elucidate the mechanism by which somatostatin and its analogue exert the influence on liver fibrosis, and to investigate the mRNA expression of somatostatin receptors subtypes (SSTRs) and the distribution of somatostatin analogue octreotide in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS: HSCs were isolated from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by in situ perfusion and density gradient centrifugation. After several passages, the mRNA expression of 5 subtypes of SSTRs were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HSCs were planted on coverslip and co-cultured with octreotide tagged by FITC. Then the distribution of FITC fluorescence was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) in 12-24 h. RESULTS: There were mRNA expression of SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5 but not SSTR1 and SSTR4 in SD rat HSCs. The mRNA expression level of SSTR2 was significantly higher than that of other subtypes (P<0.01). FITC fluorescence of octreotide was clearly observed on the surface and in the cytoplasm, but not in the nuclei of HSCs under LSCM. CONCLUSION: The effect exerted by somatostatin and its analogues on HSCs may mainly depend on the expression of SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5. Octreotide can perfectly combine with HSCs, and thereby exerts its biological activity on regulating the characters of active HSCs. This provides a potential prevention and management against liver fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Large scale identification of human hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigens by autoantibodies.

Autoantibodies are often detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and these responses may represent recognition of tumor Ags that are associated with transformation events. The identities of these Ags, however, are less well known. Using serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) from four HCC patients, we identified 55 independent cDNA sequences potentially encoding HCC tumor Ags. Of these genes, 15 are novel. Two such proteins, HCA587 and HCA661, were predominantly detected in testis, but not in other normal tissues, except for a weak expression in normal pancreas. In addition to HCC, these two Ags can be found in cancers of other histological types. Therefore, they can be categorized as cancer-testis (CT) Ags. Two other Ags (HCA519 and HCA90) were highly overexpressed in HCC and also expressed in cancer cell lines of lung, prostate, and pancreas, but not in the respective normal tissues. Four other Ags were identified to be expressed in particular types of cancer cell lines (HCA520 in an ovarian cancer cell line, HCA59 and HCA67 in a colon cancer cell line, HCA58 in colon and ovarian cancer cell lines), but not in the normal tissue counterpart(s). In addition, abundant expression of complement inactivation factors was found in HCC. These results indicate a broad range expression of autoantigens in HCC patients. Our findings open an avenue for the study of autoantigens in the transformation, metastasis, and immune evasion in HCC.

Aged↗