Biomedical subjects

Xu Wang

Publications and source records attributed to Xu Wang.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Structure and phase transition in self-assembled films of an anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal studied by two-dimensional correlation FTIR spectroscopy.

The FTIR spectra were measured for a self-assembled film of the anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) molecules over a temperature range of 40-150 degrees C. The frequency and intensity variations of the infrared spectra were discussed in terms of changes in molecular orientation, conformation and intra- and/or inter-molecular interaction during phase transitions. The two-dimensional (2d) correlation analysis revealed that two hydrocarbon chains have different orientation behaviors, the shorter hydrocarbon chain is parallel to molecular long axis and the longer one is perpendicular to it. The splitting of the C=O stretching band indicated that the s-cis and the s-trans conformers of the ester group coexist in the self-assembly film. During the phase transitions, in mesogen part the C=O group adjacent to the chiral part is first response with temperature changing, following the C=O group between two phenyl rings, and eventually the phenyl rings; and the respondence with temperature of methyl is slower than that of methylene in alkyl chains.

Phase Transition↗

PubMed2005

Gene transfer to dorsal root ganglia by intrathecal injection: effects on regeneration of peripheral nerves.

Gene delivery to sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) offers the prospect of developing new clinical interventions against peripheral nerve diseases and disorders. Here we show that genes can be transferred to rat DRG through lumbar intrathecal injection of delivery vectors into the cerebrospinal fluid. Genes could be transferred to DRG using polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA complexes, Lipofectamine 2000/DNA complexes, adeno-associated virus vectors, or baculovirus vectors. We also show that nerve growth factor cDNA, delivered through lumbar intrathecal injection of PEI complexes, was able to improve regeneration of transected rat sciatic nerves. These data demonstrate the viability of using an intrathecal gene delivery approach for treating peripheral neuropathies.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Morphine withdrawal enhances hepatitis C virus replicon expression.

We previously demonstrated that morphine enhances hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in human hepatic cells. Here we describe the impact of morphine withdrawal (MW), a recurrent event during the course of opioid abuse, on HCV replicon expression in human hepatic cells. MW enhanced both viral RNA and protein expression in HCV replicon cells. Blocking opioid receptors by treatment with naloxone after morphine cessation (precipitated withdrawal, PW) induced greater HCV replicon expression than MW. Investigation of the mechanism responsible for MW- or PW-mediated HCV enhancement showed that both MW and PW inhibited the expression of endogenous interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in the hepatic cells. This down-regulation of intracellular IFN-alpha expression was due to the negative impact of MW or PW on IFN-alpha promoter activation and on the expression of IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7), a strong transactivator of the IFN-alpha promoter. In addition, both MW and PW inhibited the anti-HCV ability of recombinant IFN-alpha in the hepatic cells. These in vitro observations support the concept that opioid abuse favors HCV persistence in hepatic cells by suppressing IFN-alpha-mediated intracellular innate immunity and contributes to the development of chronic HCV infection.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2005

Effects of beta-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on humoral and cellular immunity in weaned piglets.

Twenty-four barrows were used to investigate the effects of beta-glucan on immune function in weaned piglets. Pigs (8.09 +/- 0.20 kg, 28 d of age) were fed a diet without or with supplemented beta-glucan (50 mg/kg feed). All pigs were injected with ovalbumin (OVA) on day 14 to investigate their humoral immune response. On day 28, lymphocytes were isolated from all pigs to determine the effects of beta-glucan on cellular immunity of pigs in vitro. Lymphocytes from six pigs of each group were incubated with 16 microg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per ml culture medium, the remainder with an equivalent volume of culture medium alone. Samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h after LPS addition for determination of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). On day 31, six pigs of each group were injected with either LPS (25 microg/kg BW) or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. Blood samples were collected at 3 h after LPS injection for analysis of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 in plasma. The results indicated that dietary beta-glucan enhanced pig antibody response to OVA only in the first week after injection. In vitro, the increases of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in culture medium were partially dampened in pigs supplemented with beta-glucan when their lymphocytes were incubated with LPS, whereas the increase of IL-10 was potentiated. In vivo, dietary beta-glucan attenuated the increase of plasma IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and enhanced the increase of plasma IL-10 when pigs were challenged with LPS. These results demonstrate that beta-glucan can improve the humoral immunity of pigs and modulate cellular immunity of pigs by mitigating the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines after an immunological challenge.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

Brainstem norepinephrine neurons mediate ethanol-evoked pressor response but not baroreflex dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Ethanol elicits strain-dependent blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats; the mechanisms underlying these divergent effects are not clear. The authors tested the hypothesis that differential neuronal actions of ethanol may account for these strain-dependent responses. To this end, the authors investigated the direct effects of ethanol on norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which modulate sympathetic neuronal activity, and on c-Jun-expressing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), whose activity is inversely correlated with baroreflex sensitivity. METHODS: In a newly developed model system in conscious, freely moving rats, the effect of intra-RVLM or intra-NTS ethanol was investigated on neuronal NE at the microinjection site (in vivo electrochemistry), blood pressure, heart rate, spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, and c-Jun expression in the NTS. RESULTS: Ethanol (1, 5, or 10 microg) microinjection into the RVLM elicited dose-dependent increases in RVLM NE and blood pressure in SHRs but not in WKY rats. Ethanol had no effect on the activity of the NE-containing neurons in the NTS of either strain. However, baroreflex dysfunction elicited by intra-NTS ethanol in conscious WKY rats was associated with enhanced expression of c-Jun in the NTS. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Ethanol activation of the NE-containing neurons in the RVLM of SHRs contributes to the centrally mediated pressor response, (2) the NE-containing neurons in the NTS are not involved in ethanol-induced baroreflex dysfunction, and (3) direct activation of the c-Jun-containing neurons in the NTS is implicated in baroreflex dysfunction elicited by ethanol in normotensive rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Alcohol suppresses IL-2-induced CC chemokine production by natural killer cells.

BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of the host innate immune system. We investigated whether alcohol impairs NK cell function, particularly production of CC chemokines induced by interleukin (IL)-2, the natural ligands for CCR5 receptor. METHODS: Primary NK cells and NK cell line (YTS) were cultured with or without alcohol (10 to 80 mM) for three hours. The culture supernatants were then harvested and used to treat human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and a HeLa cell line, which expresses CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 receptors (MAGI cells). CC chemokine expression by YTS and primary NK cells treated with or without alcohol was analyzed with the real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. [Ca(2)(+)]i and Western blot assays were used to determine calcium-mediated intracellular signaling pathway and NF-kappaB p65 expression. HIV strains (Bal and UG024) were used to infect macrophages and MAGI cells. In addition, ADA (macrophage-tropic strain) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was carried out in macrophages. HIV infectivity was determined by HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and beta-galactosidase activity assays. RESULTS: Alcohol inhibited IL-2-induced CC chemokine (CCL3 and CCL4) expression by NK cells. Functional tests demonstrated that this reduced expression of CC chemokines was associated with diminished anti-HIV ability of NK cells. Alcohol also reduced the ability of NK cells to response to CCL3-mediated chemotaxis. Alcohol inhibited IL-2-induced NF-kappaB p65 protein expression and calcium mobilization by NK cells. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol, through the inhibition of IL-2-induced NF-kappaB p65 protein expression and intracellular calcium mobilization, suppressed NK cell production of CC chemokines. This suppression of CC chemokine production was associated with diminished anti-HIV activity of NK cells. Thus, by inhibiting NK cell-mediated innate immunity against HIV, alcohol consumption may have a cofactor role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Neuronal norepinephrine responses of the rostral ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius neurons distinguish the I1- from the alpha2-receptor-mediated hypotension in conscious SHRs.

We tested the hypothesis that the I1 receptor mediates the reduction in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neuronal norepinephrine (NE; index of sympathetic activity) that leads to hypotension independent of other brainstem areas or the alpha2-adrenergic receptor. To this end, we developed a model that permitted measurement of real-time changes in neuronal NE in the RVLM or nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) along with blood pressure and heart rate in the conscious SHR in response to localized microinjections of selective I1 (rilmenidine) or alpha2-adrenergic (alpha-methylnorepinephrine; alpha-MNE) agonist versus the mixed I1/alpha2 agonist clonidine. To further support the hypothesis, we investigated the effects of localized selective alpha2- (SK&F86466) or I1 (efaroxan) blockade on the reductions in neuronal NE and blood pressure elicited by intra-RVLM rilmenidine. In the latter experiment, changes in RVLM neuronal c-Fos (another marker of sympathetic neural activity) were also investigated. Intra-RVLM rilmenidine (40 nmol) or clonidine (1 nmol) similarly reduced RVLM NE and blood pressure; these responses were approximately 2-fold greater than those elicited by the pure alpha2-adrenergic agonist alpha-MNE (10 nmol). By contrast, intra-NTS rilmenidine or clonidine had no effect on NTS NE or blood pressure versus significant reductions in both parameters by alpha-MNE. Intra-RVLM rilmenidine decreased c-Fos expression, and these responses were abolished by efaroxan but not by SK&F 86466. These findings suggest: (1) in the RVLM, I1-receptor signaling suppresses cardiovascular neuron activity, which leads to lowering of blood pressure; (2) although the alpha2-adrenergic receptor in the RVLM serves a similar role, it does not exert a tonic neuronal inhibitory effect and is not essential, as a downstream signaling entity, for the I1-evoked neurobiological effects in the brainstem. The potential confounding effects of anesthetics on the I1 and/or alpha2 receptor-mediated neuronal and cardiovascular responses were circumvented in the present study.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists↗

PubMed2005

Effects of Phe-to-Trp mutation and fluorotryptophan incorporation on the solution structure of cardiac troponin C, and analysis of its suitability as a potential probe for in situ NMR studies.

19F NMR spectroscopy is potentially a powerful tool for probing protein properties in situ. However, results obtained using this technique are relevant only if the 19F probe offers minimal perturbation to the surrounding environment. In this paper, we examine the effect of 5-fluorotryptophan (5fW) incorporation on the three-dimensional structure of cardiac troponin-C (cTnC), with the intention of developing a 19F-labeled TnC for use in in situ 19FNMR. We find that, in general, 5fW does not perturb the structure of the protein significantly. Replacement of residue Phe 153 with 5fW produces no noticeable change in protein conformation. However, replacement of residue Phe 104 with 5fW produces a folding behavior that is dependent on the Escherichia coli strain used to express the mutant. The orientations of the indole rings in these mutants are such that the Trp residue adopts a chi2 of approximately 90 degrees in the F104W mutant and approximately -100 degrees in the F153W mutant. Using results from 19F-1H heteronuclear NOE experiment, we show the replacement of L-Trp with 5fW at these positions does not change the orientation of the indole ring and the spread of the 5fW side-chain dihedral angles increases moderately for the F104(5fW) mutant and not at all for the F153(5fW) mutant. Based on these structures, we conclude that the substitution of Phe by 5fW at these two positions has minimal effects on the structure of cTnC and that the 5fW indole rings in both mutants have well defined orientation, making the two mutants viable candidates for use in in situ 19F NMR spectroscopy.

Amides↗

PubMed2005

Effects of cocaine in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Cocaine intoxication is found in a significant subset of emergency department (ED) patients presenting with traumatic brain injury (TBI). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of acute cocaine intoxication on physiologic and metabolic parameters in a model of experimental TBI. METHODS: Under inhalational anesthesia, swine were instrumented and subjected to fluid percussion TBI of 3 atm. Two groups were studied: TBI and cocaine (n = 7) and TBI only (n = 7). Two sequential doses of cocaine hydrochloride were administered intravenously to the animals receiving cocaine: 4 mg/kg 10 minutes prior to injury and 2 mg/kg 1 minute prior to injury. Control animals received normal saline. Cardiorespiratory and cerebral physiologic data were monitored for 180 minutes following injury. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using dye-labeled microspheres. Serum cocaine levels were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) cocaine levels at the time of injury were 1,771 (+/- 403) ng/mL. All animals survived the 180-minute observation period. There was a trend toward higher intracranial pressure (ICP) in the control (15.4 +/- 8.2) vs. cocaine-treated (11.1 +/- 5.8) animals, although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.18). Cerebral venous lactate (CVL) levels also trended higher in the control (1.14 +/- 0.22) vs. cocaine-treated (0.91 +/- 0.19) groups (p = 0.06). Cerebral perfusion pressures (CPPs), however, did not differ between groups. The CBF values decreased significantly from baseline in both groups but were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine-intoxicated animals subjected to TBI showed no significant difference in primary outcome measures of CPP or CBF, although a nonsignificant trend toward lower ICP was noted. Overall, acute cocaine intoxication did not adversely affect the physiologic parameters examined in this TBI model.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[The effects of HSV-tk suicide gene and wild-type p53 gene on pleomorphic adenoma cells of salivary gland].

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effects of combined gene therapy of wild type p53 (wt-p53) and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene on pleomorphic adenoma cells of salivary gland. METHODS: Wild type p53 and HSV-tk gene were transfected into human pleomorphic adenoma cells of salivary gland by using recombinant adenovirus vector. The efficiency of transfection was checked and gene was expressed by RT-PCR methods. The cell inhibition after transfected was verified by light microscope and MTT. RESULTS: The proliferation of the pleomorphic adenoma cells transfected wt-p53 and HSV-tk gene was inhibited and the cell survival rate decreased to 54% and 38% respectively in 5 days. However, when wt-p53 gene combined with HSV-tk/GCV system, the killing effects was significantly stronger (P < 0.05) and the cell survival rate decreased to 20%. CONCLUSION: Combining p53 gene with HSV-tk/GCV system for gene therapy in pleomorphic adenoma cells of salivary gland is a valuable method.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed2005

[Clinical study on the endothelial immune rejection after penetrating keratoplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the grafts transparency and the endothelial immune rejection at different periods after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). METHODS: A following-up was performed on patients received PKP in Shandong Eye Institute and Hospital between January 1994 and December 1998. A total of 648 cases (648 eyes) were involved in this study, including 444 males (444 eyes) and 204 females (204 eyes). The incidence of endothelial immune rejection and grafts opacification at the time point of 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months postoperatively was collected. We made two curves to study the relationship between transparence of grafts and endothelial rejection. Relationship between the endothelial immune rejection and the types of corneal diseases before the operation was also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between grafts opacification and the endothelial immune rejection (linear regression and simple correlation, P < 0.01). The rate of rejection decreased after 3 years postoperatively. Inflammatory background was an important factor for the occurrence of endothelial immune rejection and graft opacification. CONCLUSIONS: After PKP, endothelial immune rejection is the critical factor for affecting the grafts transparency. Long-term follow-up of the patients is important for the maintaining of transparency of grafts and to obtain a successful result of the operation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Advances in the studies on the molecular and genetic aspects of epilepsy].

Epilepsy is one of the most common and debilitating neurological diseases that affects more than 40 million people worldwide. Genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Molecular genetic studies have identified 15 disease-causing genes for epilepsy. The majority of the genes encode ion channels, including voltage-gated potassium channels KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, sodium channels SCN1A, SCN2A, and SCN1B, chloride channels CLCN2, and ligand-gated ion channels CHRNA4, CHRNB2, GABRG2, and GABRA1. Interestingly, non-ion channel genes have also been identified as epilepsy genes, and these genes include G-protein-coupled receptor MASS1/VLGR1, GM3 synthase, and proteins with unknown functions such as LGI1, NHLRC1, and EFHC1. These studies make genetic testing possible in some patients, and further characterization of the identified epilepsy genes may lead to the development of new drugs and new treatments for patients with epilepsy.

CLC-2 Chloride Channels↗

PubMed2005

[Studies on the growth, chemical components and physiological characteristics of F1 generation of Dendrobium huoshanense].

OBJECTIVE: Through a comparison between F1 and its' parents on the growth, chemical components and physiology, this study aims to find the possibility of selecting new dendrobium hybrids with high yield and good quality. METHOD: To determinate the growth, chemical components, photosynthesis, hormones and isoenzyme in the plants. RESULT: Photosynthetic area, content of chlorophyll, net photosynthesis and yield of F1 generation are higher than those of the parents; chla/b rate is lower; growth is almost the same as in Dendrobium moniliforme; content of chemical components are the same as in D. huoshanense. F1 is approaching of advantages of parents. CONCLUSION: Physiological characters, yield and quality of F1 are greatly improved by hybridization.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2005

[Dynamics of total organic carbon (TOC) in hydrological processes in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Dinghushan].

The total flux and concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in hydrological processes in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Dinghushan were measured from July 2002 to July 2003. The results showed that the TOC input by precipitation was 41.80 kg x hm(-2) x yr(-1), while its output by surface runoff and groundwater (soil solution at 50 cm depth) was 17.54 and 1.80 kg x hm(-2) x yr(-1), respectively. The difference between input and output was 22.46 kg x hm(-2) x yr(-1), indicating that the ecosystem TOC was in positive balance. The monthly variation of TOC flux in hydrological processes was very similar to that in precipitation. The mean TOC concentration in precipitation was 3.64 mg x L(-1), while that in throughfall and stemflow increased 6.10 and 7.39 times after rain passed through the tree canopies and barks. The mean TOC concentration in surface runoff and in soil solution at 25 and 50 cm depths was 12.72, 7.905 and 3.06 mg x L(-1), respectively. The monthly TOC concentration in throughfall and stemflow had a similar changing tendency, showing an increase at the beginning of growth season (March), a decrease after September, and a little increase in December. The TOC concentration in runoff was much higher during high precipitation months. No obvious monthly variation was observed in soil solution TOC concentration (25 and 50 cm below the surface). Stemflow TOC concentration differed greatly between different tree species. The TOC concentration in precipitation, throughfall, and soil solution (25 and 50 cm depths) decreased with increasing precipitation, and no significant relationship existed between the TOC concentrations in stemflow, surface runoff and precipitation. The TOC concentrations in the hydrological processes fluctuated with precipitation intensity, except for that in stemflow and soil solutions.

Carbon↗

PubMed2005

[The far-infrared spectrum of the ternary mixed crystal].

Born-Huang equations of lattice dynamics for the ternary mixed crystal AB(1-x)Cx. by using the random-element-isodisplacement model (REI model) were set up, and the dielectric function and the far-infrared reflectivity of lattice vibration in several ternary mixed crystals were discussed. It is shown that this model applies to all circumstances: (1) Single mode--there are one transverse optical phonon and one longitudinal optical phonon in all scope of the composition x(0 < or = x < or =1). (2) Double mode--there are two TO-LO-mode pairs in 0 < or = x < or = 1. (3) The third mode--it shows single mode behavior in a part and shows double mode behavior in another part. It was found that single mode crystal has one reflectance band and double mode has two reflectance bands. For the third mode crystal, there are one band in a part and two bands in another part. The model provides a possible way to understand the optical character of other problem of electron-phonon interaction. mixed crystal. Based on it the authors can discuss other problem of electron-phonon interaction.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2004

Analysis of nonuniformities of sampled fiber Bragg gratings.

We have analyzed the effects of various normally distributed nonuniformities of sampled fiber Bragg gratings on the reflective spectra and group time delay. Through numerical simulations we have drawn the following conclusions: (1) the magnitude of nonuniformity with normal distribution of the fiber's average refractive-index modulation deltaneff greatly influences the characteristics of both reflective spectra and group time delay, whose suggested precision varies from 20% to 10%; (2) the nonuniformities of sampling periods P and sampling lengths L are important factors that influence the characteristics of the group time delay, and the accepted tolerance of dimensional precision of both P and L are +/- 4 microm; and (3) the tolerance of nonuniformity of the sampling period's chirp coefficient is high, and its precision can be as great as 100% with few adverse effects.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory of puckered ring structures of Group 13 metal-ethylenediamine.

The ethylenediamine (en) complexes of Al, Ga, and In atoms were prepared in laser-vaporization supersonic molecular beams and studied with pulsed field ionization zero electron kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory. Several conformers of each metal complex are obtained by B3LYP calculations, and a five-membered cyclic structure is identified by combining the experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. Adiabatic ionization potentials, vibrational frequencies, and bond dissociation energies are determined for the ring structure. The ionization potentials of the Al, Ga, and In species are measured to be 32 784 (5), 33 324 (5), and 33 637 (7) cm(-1), respectively, and metal-ligand dissociation energies of the ionic and neutral complexes are calculated to be 60.2/16.2 (Al(+)/Al), 55.5/13.0 (Ga(+)/Ga), and 50.0/11.4 (In(+)/In) kcal mol(-1). Metal-ligand stretch and bend as well as a number of ligand-based vibrations are measured. Harmonic frequencies and anharmonicities of the M(+)-N (M=Al,Ga,In) stretch are determined for all three M(+)-en ions and the C-C-N bend of Ga(+)-en and In(+)-en. In comparison to monodentate methylamine, the bidentate binding of ethylenediamine leads to a significantly lower ionization potential and higher metal-ligand bond strength of the metal complexes.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2004

Searching for folding initiation sites of staphylococcal nuclease: a study of N-terminal short fragments.

The N-terminal short fragments of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase), SNase20, SNase28, and SNase36, corresponding to the sequence regions, Ala1-Gly20, Ala1-Lys28, and Ala1-Leu36, respectively, as well as an 8-residue peptide (Ala17-Ile18-Asp19-Gly20-Asp21-Thr22-Val23-Lys24) have been synthesized. The conformational states of these fragments were investigated using CD and NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solution and in trifluoroethanol (TFE)-H(2)O mixture. SNase20 containing a sequence corresponding to a bent peptide in native SNase shows a transient population of bend-like conformation around Ala12-Thr13-Leu14 in TFE-H(2)O mixture. The sequence region of Ala17-Thr22 of SNase28 displays a localized propensity for turn-like conformation in both aqueous solution and TFE-H(2)O mixture. The conformational ensemble of SNase36 in aqueous solution includes populated turn-like conformations localized in sequence regions Ala17-Thr22 and Tyr27-Gln30. The analysis suggests that these sequence regions, which form the regular secondary structures in native protein, may serve as the folding nucleation sites of SNase fragments of different chain lengths starting from the N-terminal end. Thus, the formation of bend- and turn-like conformations of these sequence regions may be involved in the early folding events of the SNase polypeptide chain in vitro.

Amino Acid Sequence↗