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Biomedical subjects

Y Braverman

Publications and source records attributed to Y Braverman.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Control experiments with yellow jacket wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) injuring cattle in Israel.

Injuries caused by the German yellow jacket Vespula germanica F. to dry and lactating dairy cows (Bos tourus) in 5 herds in Israel were monitored and adversely affected < or = 65% of the cows. Elimination of large alternative protein sources (placentas, sewage containing milk from the milking parlor), and prebaiting with high-quality minced meat (or fish) in adequate numbers of baiting cages around the dairy farm for several days, are necessary for successful control. Significant control was achieved after a shorter period of time when the dairy farm was surrounded by a smaller area of uncultivated land than by a larger area. At some dairy farms there were significant differences among numbers of wasps visiting the various cage sites and significant variability between baiting days. Efficient and significant control was achieved by minced meat bait containing 1.5% acephate (orthene) and 2% microencapsulated diazinon (Antikan). Wasps were totally repelled by minced meat bait containing 2.25% of a plant-derived bioinsecticide derived from Meliaceae (Ag1000). The potential of using Ag 1000 for repelling yellow jackets from teats and udders of dairy cows is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Repellency of synthetic and plant-derived preparations for Culicoides imicola.

The study was conducted to find a safer and longer lasting repellent for C.imicola than di-ethyl toluamide (DEET), to validate whether the current recommendations in Israel for application of repellents during an outbreak of disease caused by pathogens borne by Culicoides imicola are justified, and to test plant-derived preparations as potential replacements for the synthetic repellents. Seven repellents were compared by a method using treated netting across the entrance of a suction light trap. Those inferior to DEET were: oregano and Herbipet which showed a slight non-significant repellency for 2 h, Tri-Tec 14TM which showed significant (P < 0.05) repellency with respect to controls for 2 h and Stomoxin which showed significant (P < 0.05) repellency for 1 h. As the active ingredient of Stomoxin is permethrin, this indicates that recommendations to spray animals with this insecticide to prevent the spread of C.imicola-borne pathogens will not be useful. The repellents superior to DEET were: the plant-derived material Ag 1000 that repelled significantly (P < 0.05) with respect to controls for up to 4 h following a similar pattern to but somewhat more strongly than DEET, and pyrethroid-T which exerted significant (P < 0.05) repellency for 9 h. Pyrethroid-T proved to be the best repellent tested, and if sprayed nightly it might provide protection from C.imicola-borne pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Ultrastructure of the eggs of Culicoides circumscriptus, Culicoides gejgelensis, and Culicoides imicola (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae).

The eggs of Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer, Culicoides gejgelensis Dzhafarov, and Culicoides imicola Kieffer collected in Israel are described and illustrated by scanning electron micrographs. Eggs of all 3 species were morphologically similar, generally sausage- or cigar-shaped, with slight dorsal-ventral curvature and longitudinal rows of tubercle pillars covered with a thin adhesive layer. Tubercle pillars were scarce on C. circumscriptus and C. imicola eggs, but were common on C. gejgelensis eggs, forming longitudinal plastrons with an associated hydrofuge meshwork. All 3 species had micropyle domes and associated aeropyles at the anterior end of their eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in horses.

The horses were in two stables: in the first stable they were kept together with sheep and in the second stable they were kept together with goats. All horses in both stables were diagnosed as being infested with the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis. Foals were severely infested, whereas adult horses were only moderately infested.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Role of dogs (Canis domesticus) as hosts for African horse sickness virus.

At Bet Dagan Culicoides imicola Kieffer, C. Schultzei gp. (a mammal feeder), Culex pipiens L. (a laboratory vector) and Culex univittatus Theobald were found in significantly (P < 0.05) smaller numbers near dogs than near other hosts, while Phlebotomus spp. were found in significantly (P < 0.05) higher numbers in dog kennels than in other animal houses. Some 400 blood meals of Culicoides spp. from Israel and Zimbabwe were negative for canine blood. Only 1 of 16 blood meals of Culex pipiens caught in Israel was positive for canine blood. The results suggest that dogs are unlikely to act as a field reservoir for African horse sickness virus.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1996

Mastitis in dairy cattle caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and the feasibility of transmission by houseflies. I.

Morbidity due to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection occurred in 29 dairy herds. The disease appeared basically in three clinical forms: cutaneous, mastitic, and visceral. The appearance of the disease showed a marked seasonality: in 23 herds it occurred during the spring and summer months (dry season) (March-October). The mastitic form occurred in only 10 herds and the causative bacterium was isolated from 33 cows (5.8%). All the strains of C. pseudotuberculosis isolated from the milk samples were found not to be nitrate reducers. The bacterium was excreted in the milk of six cows from herd B during a period of 11 months. In the mastitic cows, a decrease in milk production and considerable increases in the somatic cell count were noted. C. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from houseflies collected over a cow lesion. Laboratory-reared houseflies were successfully infected with C. pseudotuberculosis-contaminated milk, broth and sugar cubes. Flies infected with the bacterium from contaminated milk excreted the bacterium in their droppings for up to 4 h and from their saliva for up to 3 h post infection. The bacterium survived on the external organs of houseflies for no longer than 10 min post infection, after the flies had been dipped in contaminated broth.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Differentiation of females in Sergentomyia sensu stricto (Diptera: Psychodidae) using scanning electron microscopy of pharyngeal armatures.

Scanning electron microscopy of external ornamentation and internal armature of the pharynx was used to identify females of Sergentomyia sensu stricto. Five species from the eastern Mediterranean basin were compared; S. minuta clearly was separated from species of the fallax-group. Within the fallax-group, S. fallax was distinguished readily by its heart-shaped pharynx and the difference in armature between the dorsal and lateral plates.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Air streams and the introduction of animal diseases borne on Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) into Israel.

The role of air streams and climatic conditions in the transport of biting midges (Culicoides spp.), the vectors of bluetongue and Akabane viruses, is known from other parts of the world. Knowledge of such climatic systems may enable predictions to be made on the occurrence of these diseases and may also assist in drawing up vaccination and control programmes. In this study, data on temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction have been analysed for the years 1964, 1966, 1969 and 1988, at altitudes of 0.5 km, 1 km and 1.5 km. The authors examine the relationship between these parameters and outbreaks of bluetongue and Akabane. The results show that outbreaks of bluetongue and most seroconversions did not occur before the season of the Persian trough air-stream system. This was despite the fact that the vector C. imicola was present in March and April, i.e. before this air-stream system began. Circumstantial evidence to indicate the introduction of infected midges by wind is stronger than the evidence against such an introduction. In addition, the amount of precipitation in the spring seasons of 1968 to 1986 could not be positively correlated to the number of bluetongue outbreaks. These results indicate that cooperation among the countries in the region of the Persian trough air system could provide an early warning system against wind-borne infected vectors. An outbreak of bluetongue in one country would be a warning to the next country along this route.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reevaluation of the taxonomic status of the Culicoides spp. (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) from Israel and the eastern Mediterranean and review of their potential medical and veterinary importance.

Fifty-eight Culicoides species were recorded in Israel, the Golan Heights, and Sinai. Culicoides arabiensis and C. near iranica were recorded for the first time. Culicoides kurensis was identified instead of the misidentified C. badooshensis. Of the Culicoides species that appeared as distinct species in previous publications, it is now recognized that C. subravus is a synonym of C. ravus, C. cubitalis is a synonym of C. kibunensis, and C. saevanicus is a synonym of C. griseidorsum. The potential medical/veterinary importance of the vector species is reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Spread of lumpy skin disease in Israeli dairy herds.

Fourteen of the 17 dairy herds in Peduyim, an Israeli village, became infected with lumpy skin disease during a period of 37 days in August and September 1989. One cow in one neighbouring village and four cows in another neighbouring village also became infected, probably through being treated by a veterinarian who treated cows in Peduyim. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the original infection was brought to Peduyim and spread by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) carried by the wind from foci of the disease at El Arish in northern Sinai, or at Ismailiya and the Nile delta in Egypt. All the cattle and the small flocks of sheep and goats in the village were slaughtered.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Skin lesions in dogs, horses and calves caused by the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae).

Specific skin lesions caused by Stomoxys calcitrans on the feeding sites of different species are described. Skin lesions appeared on dogs, horses and calves following bites of stable flies. Necrotic dermatitis was observed in 32 dogs of various breeds at the tip of the ears. Exudative dermatitis appeared on the legs of 45 adult horses and dermatitis was diagnosed in the "hair whirlpools" on the backs of 18 white calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Tabanus arenivagus (diptera: tabanidae) attracted to ultraviolet light suction traps in Israel.

Suction blacklight trappings have been conducted at Bet Dagan since 1978. Tabanus arenivagus has been caught only during 1992-94. Seventy-one specimens, all females, were caught by these traps, demonstrating that females are attracted to the wavelength range of 340-380 nm radiated by the mercury-vapor lamps of these traps. This constitutes a new finding among the Tabanidae species of the Mediterranean region.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fecundity and proportions of gravid females in populations of the bluetongue vector Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and several other species in Israel.

The gravid proportions of five Culicoides spp. in Israel were determined based on a suction light trap placed above calves in a cowshed and on two similar traps hung in a Eucalyptus tree at elevations of 1.4 and 26 m. In the cowshed, the proportion of gravid Culicoides distinctipennis Austen showed no significant variation between seasons; C. imicola Kieffer (the dominant species) was caught in significantly smaller proportions in winter; C. schultzei gp (second most dominant) showed no significant seasonal variation. In the Eucalyptus tree, a significantly smaller percentage was gravid in winter at the lower trap, but at the higher trap there was no significant variation between seasons. Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer showed no significant seasonal variation at either height. C. distinctipennis was present with a significantly higher proportion gravid at the lower level in spring, but no significant variation between seasons was observed in the higher level trap. In C. imicola, gravids were proportionately more numerous in the lower trap in summer and autumn, but, in the higher trap, there was no significant variation between seasons. A significantly greater proportion of gravid C. schultzei gp females occurred at the higher level trap in spring, whereas no significant variation occurred in the lower level trap. Counts of eggs were made for C. cataneii, C. circumscriptus, C. distinctipennis, C. imicola, C. newsteadi Austen, C. obsoletus Meigen, C. saevanicus Dzhafarov, C. schultzei gp, and C. univittatus Vimmer. Counts for all four seasons were made only for C. circumscriptus and C. imicola, and only C. imicola showed significant variation between seasons (fecundity lower in autmn and winter).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods.

The biology, veterinary importance and control of certain Nematocera are described and discussed. Culicoides spp. (family Ceratopogonidae) transmit the arboviruses of bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness (AHS), bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) and Akabane. Some other arboviruses have been isolated from these species, while fowl pox has been transmitted experimentally by Culicoides. These insects are vectors of the parasitic protozoans Leucocytozoon caulleryi and Haemoproteus nettionis, and the parasitic nematodes Onchocerca gutturosa, O. gibsoni and O. cervicalis. They also cause recurrent summer hypersensitivity in horses, ponies, donkeys, cattle and sheep. Farm animals can die as a result of mass attack by Simulium spp., which are also vectors of Leucocytozoon simondi, L. smithi and the filariae O. gutturosa, O. linealis and O. ochengi. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) have been isolated from simuliids, and vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey strain has been replicated in Simulium vittatum. Simuliids are well known as vectors of O. volvulus, the cause of human onchocercosis (river blindness). The family Psychodidae includes the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia (subfamily Phlebotominae), vectors of Leishmania spp. in humans, dogs and other mammals. Vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain has been regularly isolated from phlebotomine sandflies. Mass attack by mosquitoes can also prove fatal to farm animals. Mosquitoes are vectors of the viruses of Akabane, BEF, RVF, Japanese encephalitis, VEE, western equine encephalomyelitis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis and west Nile meningoencephalitis, secondary vectors of AHS and suspected vectors of Israel turkey meningoencephalitis. The viruses of hog cholera, fowl pox and reticuloendotheliosis, the rickettsiae Eperythrozoon ovis and E. suis, and the bacterium Borrelia anserina are mechanically transmitted by mosquitoes. These insects also induce allergic dermatitis in horses. They transmit several filarial worms of both animals and humans, and are of great medical importance as vectors of major human diseases, including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever and many more diseases caused by arboviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of light trap height on catch of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Israel.

Vertical suction light trapping was conducted in 1981 at two dairy farms, Bet Dagan (traps at 1.4 and 26 m above ground) and Bet Alfa (traps at 1.5 and 20 m). Of the nine Culicoides species caught in both localities, only C. circumscriptus Kieffer and C. cataneii Clastrier showed a significant difference in abundance related to trap height; C. imicola Kieffer and C. schultzei sp. gp. also demonstrated a height preference, but catch sizes did not differ statistically. C. circumscriptus and C. cataneii, both avian feeders, and C. imicola, a mammalian feeder, were caught in greater numbers in the higher than in the lower traps. In contrast, more C. schultzei sp. gp. females were caught in lower than higher traps. Species collected more frequently in higher traps may be more prone to carriage for long distances by air currents and therefore are more likely to be important as dispersal vectors.

Altitude↗
PubMed1993

Field observations in Israel on hypersensitivity in cattle, sheep and donkeys caused by Culicoides.

Hypersensitive lesions in the skin of sheep, cattle and donkeys from various regions in Israel are described. No cause other than insect bites was found. The animals were free of ticks, lice, fleas and blackflies, and of all the prevailing insect groups; Culicoides spp were considered as the most probable cause of the hypersensitivity. Lesions on the legs and abdomen were attributed mainly to C obsoletus Meigen, C schultzel gp and C puncticollis Becker, and less to C imicola Kieffer. Lesions on the back, flanks, neck and head were attributed mainly to C imicola, less to C newsteadi Austen and rarely to C pulicaris Linnaeus.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Attractiveness of vertebrate hosts to Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and other mosquitoes in Israel.

Host preferences of mosquitoes, mainly Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius (Pallas), were studied in Israel using live baits, chemical attractants, light, and suction traps. The feeding habits of Cx. pipiens were opportunistic. This species used a wide range of mammalian and avian hosts; a calf, chickens, turkeys, and sheep were the most attractive baits. A. caspius fed mainly on large mammals and was most attracted to calf and sheep baits. Although sheep were attractive, few Cx. pipiens and no Ae. caspius engorged after entering the traps. In addition to defensive behavior and the mechanical protection afforded by the wool, sheep may possess a close-acting repellent that deters mosquitoes from biting. CO2 was the best attractant for host-seeking Cx. pipiens and Ae. caspius, Aedes detritus (Haliday), Culiseta annulata (Schrank), Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart), and Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards were caught in small numbers, and their bloodmeal hosts were recorded.

Aedes↗