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Biomedical subjects

Y Cui

Publications and source records attributed to Y Cui.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

In vivo microdialysis study on changes in septal dynorphin and beta-endorphin activities in active and hibernating Columbian ground squirrels.

State-dependent changes in extracellular concentration of endogenous opioids in the septum of Columbian ground squirrels were examined in the hibernating and euthermic states using in vivo microdialysis. The order of estimated extracellular concentration was found to be: hibernating > interbout euthermia > non-hibernating euthermia for dynorphin A and interbout euthermia > hibernating > non-hibernating euthermia for beta-endorphin. The apparent turnover rates of dynorphin A during hibernation was 15 times greater than that during euthermic non-hibernation phase and that of beta-endorphin was 8-fold greater. These results demonstrate that subfamilies of endogenous opioids may vary differentially in their activities at different stages of an annual hibernation cycle and may reflect their different roles in the regulation of hibernation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Overstretching B-DNA: the elastic response of individual double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules.

Single molecules of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) were stretched with force-measuring laser tweezers. Under a longitudinal stress of approximately 65 piconewtons (pN), dsDNA molecules in aqueous buffer undergo a highly cooperative transition into a stable form with 5.8 angstroms rise per base pair, that is, 70% longer than B form dsDNA. When the stress was relaxed below 65 pN, the molecules rapidly and reversibly contracted to their normal contour lengths. This transition was affected by changes in the ionic strength of the medium and the water activity or by cross-linking of the two strands of dsDNA. Individual molecules of single-stranded DNA were also stretched giving a persistence length of 7.5 angstroms and a stretch modulus of 800 pN. The overstretched form may play a significant role in the energetics of DNA recombination.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1996

Cytosolic inactivation of translocated neutrophil plasma membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase.

Phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) regulate cellular metabolic activation by reversing the effects of tyrosine kinases activated earlier in intracellular signaling pathways. We coupled fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis using anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody with direct measurements of enzyme activity in resolved subcellular fractions to define mechanisms that potentially regulate the availability and activity of CD45-PTPase on neutrophil plasma membranes. Neutrophils in freshly obtained blood as well as neutrophils freshly isolated from blood were found to possess detectable levels of plasma membrane CD45 as assessed by immunofluorescence. However, plasma membranes from these cells were essentially devoid of PTPase catalytic activity, which was largely confined to the specific granules. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) upregulated both the catalytic and antigenic components of CD45-PTPase on the plasma membrane of these cells. Upregulation was associated with a shift in the particulate subcellular PTPase catalytic activity from the specific granule fraction to the plasma membrane fraction. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein abrogated GM-CSF-promoted upregulation of plasma membrane CD45 PTPase but did not prevent the GM-CSF-dependent decrease in specific granule catalytic activity. Anti-CD45 antibody immunoprecipitated PTPase activity from both specific granules of resting cells and plasma membranes of GM-CSF-treated cells. However, antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitated only activity that had translocated to the plasma membrane, suggesting a role for CD45 phosphorylation in translocation. Western analysis confirmed the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD45 in plasma membranes of GM-CSF-treated neutrophils. Preincubation of plasma membranes of GM-CSF-stimulated neutrophils with cytosol from resting cells resulted in a time- and temperature-dependent loss in membrane PTPase as a consequence of the effects of a cytosolic inactivator. Cytosol obtained from stimulated neutrophils possessed substantially reduced levels of this PTPase inactivator. We conclude that activity of the catalytic component of membrane PTPase in circulating neutrophils is regulated by a cytosolic inactivator. Upon stimulation, intact CD45 PTPase is incorporated into the plasma membrane by a process that requires tyrosine phosphorylation. As a result of inhibition of the cytosolic inactivator, the translocated PTPase expresses full activity, thereby amplifying the potential regulatory influence of the enzyme on the cells' functional response.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1996

Identification and functional role of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in primate and rodent: in vivo versus isolated myocytes.

We determined the relationship between the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in isolated myocytes and their physiological responsiveness in chronically instrumented conscious baboons and rats. In conscious baboons, isoproterenol (ISO) (0.02 microgram/kg) increased left ventricular (LV) dP/dt by 89 +/- 6.7% from 2898 +/- 370 mmHg/s and only by 13 +/- 3.3% from 2491 +/- 146 mmHg/s after beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade, indicating that the predominant physiological response was mediated by beta 1-adrenergic receptors. Decreases in mean arterial pressure (-11 +/- 0.5 mmHg v -16 +/- 4.6 mmHg) and coronary vascular resistance (-3.1 +/- 0.4 v -3.6 +/- 0.4 mmHg/ml/min) induced by ISO were not different before and after beta 1-blockade, indicating that beta 2-adrenergic receptors were not blocked. In conscious rats, ISO (0.4 microgram/kg) increased LV dP/dt by 50 +/- 4.9% from 13252 +/- 2002 mmHg/s and only by 10 +/- 3.9% from 10793 +/- 1364 mmHg/s after beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade: whereas decreases in mean arterial pressure induced by ISO were not different before and after beta 1-blockade (-19 +/- 2.4 mmHg v -16 +/- 2.2 mmHg), i.e. very consistent with the physiological responses in baboons. In vitro studies of isolated myocytes, using radioligand binding with 125I-cyanopindolol (125I-cyp) and the subtype beta 1-selective antagonist betaxolol and the beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118551 indicated that the beta 1/beta 2 ratio of rat myocytes was 92/8: whereas baboon myocytes were more equally distributed (59/41). Thus, in both species the preponderance of effects of ISO on ventricular function was beta 1-adrenergic receptor mediated, which is consistent with the beta 1/beta 2 ratio in rat myocytes but not in baboon myocytes, where a significant fraction of beta 2-adrenergic receptors does not appear to exert an effect on conctractility in vivo.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1996

State-dependent changes of brain endogenous opioids in mammalian hibernation.

Endogenous opioids belonging to three opioid families were measured in different states of the hibernation cycle in brain of the Columbian ground squirrels. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-EC detection, the hypothalamic and septal concentrations of met-enkephalin were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the hibernating state than that in the nonhibernating state. In contrast, met-enkephalin content in the medulla decreased significantly during hibernation. Leuenkephalin content was only increased in the hypothalamus of hibernating animals. Using radioimmunoassay, dynorphin A-like immunoreactivity was observed to increase in the claustrum and striatum, whereas beta-endorphin-like peptides showed a significant increase in the hypothalamus during hibernation. It is evident that the changes in endogenous opioids in brain during hibernation are state dependent, type specific and region specific. These specific alterations of various endogenous opioids may imply their different roles in hibernation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Growth factor induction of cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase activity in human haemopoietic progenitor cells isolated by flow cytometry.

We employed a highly sensitive method to assay protein tyrosine kinase activity in extracts of subpopulations of CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting in an attempt to better define how growth-factor induction of enzymatic activity relates to progenitor cell maturation. FACS analysis confirmed that, under the conditions employed, essentially all of the CD34+ cells in adult human marrow that lacked the CD38 antigen were devoid of the myeloid maturation marker CD33 as well as the lineage antigens: CD10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 71 and glycophorin A. A variable portion (50-90%) of these CD34+, CD38- progenitor cells expressed HLA-DR. CD34+, CD38- cells that did not express HLA-DR were found to lack detectable levels of either membrane or cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity. HLA-DR+ progenitor cells that lacked CD38 possessed elevated levels of cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity but only low levels of plasma membrane activity. In contrast, CD34+ cells that expressed CD38 (and HLA-DR) possessed high levels of membrane-associated tyrosine kinase activity. A cocktail of haemopoietic growth factors that included IL-3, IL-6 and stem cell factor effectively induced tyrosine kinase activity in CD34+, CD38-, HLA-DR- progenitor cells. Growth factor induction of tyrosine kinase activity in these cells was not inhibited by actinomycin D or cyclohexamide. Most of the tyrosine kinase activity induced by these growth factors was recovered from the cytosolic fraction of disrupted cells. Thus, induction of cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity is an early event in the response of uncommitted haemopoietic cells to haemopoietic growth factors. Subsequent activation of membrane tyrosine kinases may initiate key transduction processes as these cells begin to differentiate.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and expression analyses of mouse dystroglycan gene: specific expression in maternal decidua at the peri-implantation stage.

While constructing a catalog of mouse cDNAs which are expressed in the maternal-fetal interface during the peri-implantation period, we encountered a 1.6 kb cDNA clone showing a strong sequence similarity to the 3' untranslated region of the human dystroglycan gene. We cloned an additional 1.7 kb cDNA by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and confirmed that this is a true mouse homolog of human dystroglycan cDNA by sequence analyses, Southern blotting, and genetic mapping of this gene on the distal region of mouse chromosome 9. Although it is well established that dystroglycan, a transmembrane protein, plays an important role in muscle tissues by bridging intracellular dystrophin to the laminin in the extracellular matrix, its role in non-muscle tissues remains elusive. To further investigate the role of the dystroglycan gene at the peri-implantation stage, we analyzed the expression patterns of this gene by in situ hybridization, which revealed that this gene is specifically expressed in decidual cells, especially in the cells surrounding the implantation site at 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 day post conception (p.c.) stages, but not expressed in non-pregnant endometrial cells of uterus nor in the decidua at 12.5 day p.c. Further analyses by RT-PCR confirmed that the amount of dystroglycan mRNA in 8.5 day p.c. decidua was indeed 100-fold higher than that of non-pregnant uterus and 12.5 day p.c. mature placenta. These results suggest that dystroglycan may work as a mediator for adhesion between decidual cells themselves or between decidual cells and trophoblast cells, and provide a structural and functional support for maintaining pregnancy at its early stage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

The RsmA- mutants of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain Ecc71 overexpress hrpNEcc and elicit a hypersensitive reaction-like response in tobacco leaves.

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora wild-type strain Ecc71 does not elicit the hypersensitive reaction (HR) in tobacco leaves. By mini-Tn5-Km and chemical mutagenesis we have isolated RsmA- mutants of Ecc71 that produce high basal levels of pectate lyases, polygalacturonase, cellulase, and protease; they also are hypervirulent. The RsmA- mutants, but not their parent strains, elicit an HR-like response in tobacco leaves. This reaction is characterized by the rapid appearance of water soaking followed by tissue collapse and necrosis. The affected areas remain limited to the region infiltrated with bacterial cells, and the symptoms closely resemble a typical HR, e.g., the reactions caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. Moreover, low concentrations of cells of the mini-Tn5-Km insertion RsmA- mutant, AC5070, infiltrated into tobacco leaf tissue prevent elicitation of the rapid necrosis by AC5070 or by P. syringae pv. pisi. Elicitation of the HR-like response by the mutants is not affected by the deficiency of N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, the cell density (quorum) sensing signal. Cloning and sequence analysis have disclosed that E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain Ecc71 possesses a homolog of E. chrysanthemi hrpN known to encode an elicitor of the HR; the corresponding Ecc71 gene is designated hrpNEcc. Northern (RNA) blot data show that the level of hrpNEcc mRNA is considerably higher in the RsmA- mutants than in the RsmA+ strains. Moreover, a low copy plasmid carrying the rsmA+ allele severely reduces the level of the hrpNEcc transcripts in the RsmA- mutants. These constructs, like the RsmA+ E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strains, do not elicit the HR-like response. These data taken along with the effects of rsmA on exoenzyme production and pathogenicity (A. Chatterjee et al., 1995, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1959-1967) demonstrate that this global regulator gene plays a critical role in plant interaction of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Fos is required for EGF stimulation of the gastrin promoter.

Gastrin gene expression is regulated by developmental cues, pH, and inflammation. These processes are mediated by various extracellular ligands, e.g., growth factors, cytokines, and neuropeptides that also stimulate c-fos gene expression. Therefore, to determine whether Fos is required for stimulation of the gastrin promoter, a c-fos sense expression vector was coexpressed with a gastrin reporter construct in a GH4 rat pituitary cell line. We found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) transiently stimulate an increase in Fos protein that precedes stimulation of the gastrin promoter. However, the induction mediated by TNF-alpha was weaker than that mediated by EGF, indicating minimal overlap of the signaling pathways activated by EGF and TNF-alpha. Accordingly, overexpression of c-fos mRNA facilitated primarily EGF rather than TNF-alpha induction of the gastrin promoter. Expression of the c-fos gene in the absence of ligand did not stimulate the gastrin promoter. Thus c-fos gene expression is required but is not sufficient for induction of the gastrin promoter by EGF.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A novel variant of the beta-subunit of the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel in African Americans.

The amiloride-sensitive sodium channel is responsible for the rate-limiting step of sodium reabsorption in the distal renal tubule, and thus may play a key role in the maintenance of sodium balance and blood pressure. In this study, a genetic variant that results in a change of threonine to methionine at amino acid 594 (T594 M) in the carboxy-terminus of the beta-subunit of the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel has been identified. This variant was present in 6.1% of African-American subjects (N = 231) but was not seen in Caucasians (N = 192). Whole cell voltage clamp of B-lymphocytes from individuals with the T594 M variant showed similar basal membrane slope conductance, compared with the wild-type but increased response to cAMP analog.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1996

Gamma-ray-induced cell killing and chromosome abnormalities in the bone marrow of p53-deficient mice.

Resistance to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation has been demonstrated in a wide variety of cell types with defects in the p53 gene (thymocytes, splenic B and T cells, in vitro hemopoietic colony-forming cells and intestinal cells of the mouse, embryo cells of the rat, and human Burkitt's lymphoma cells). In contrast, Slichenmeyer et al. (Cancer Res. 53, 4164-4167, 1993) found no evidence of resistance in fibroblasts derived from p53 null mice. The aim of our study was to compare the radiation response of hemopoietic colony-forming cells (in vitro CFC) and of fibroblastoid colony-forming cells or units (CFU-F) within the same tissue (marrow) in p53 null mice (-/-), heterozygotes (+/-) and wild-type animals (+/+). We have also tested the hypothesis that, in proliferating cells, radiation-induced cell killing is mediated through chromosome damage by examining the relationship between these end points in hemopoietic cells of the three mouse types. Both in vitro CFC and CFU-F of -/- mice were resistant to cell killing compared with +/+ and +/- mice whose cellular sensitivities were indistinguishable. The resistance was characterized by a broader "shoulder" on the cell survival curve, i.e. a higher extrapolation number but similar D0 values using the multitarget model or a lower alpha coefficient using the linear-quadratic model. The frequency of chromosomally abnormal marrow cells after irradiation was similar for the three genotypes. However, marrow cells with aberrations carried more aberrations in -/- mice than in +/+ or +/- mice such that the total number of aberrations per 100 cells was higher in -/- mice. Since there were no differences in the yields of aberrations between genotypes in spleen lymphocytes or in CFU-F (both noncycling at the time of irradiation) and less mitotic inhibition in -/- marrow cells than in +/+ or +/- cells, the chromosomal radiosensitivity of -/- marrow hemopoietic cells might be related to reduced cell cycle delay allowing insufficient time for repair, but other explanations have been considered. We postulate that the radiation resistance of both hemopoietic CFC and CFU-F in -/- mice is a consequence of the failure of DNA/chromosome damage to trigger apoptosis or permanent cell cycle arrest to the same extent as in the +/+ or +/- mice: hence the lack of correlation between chromosome damage and cell death in the three mouse types.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

[A study on complicated chromosome translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of G-banded chromosomes].

An experimental method of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with conventionally G-band chromosomes was developed to analyze the complex chromosome rearrangements of patients. In order to obtain optimal results of both G-banding and fluorescence signals, it was essential that G-banded chromosomes were fixed with formaldehyde prior to fluorescence in situ hybridization. The karyotype of a patient with spontaneous abortion might be described as 46, XX, t(1; 5; 12) (1pter-->1q25 : : 12q24-->12qter; 5qter-->5p11 : : 1q25-->1qter; 12pter-->12q24 : : 5p11-->5pter) by the analysis of conventional cytogenetics. However, her karyotype should be identified as 46, XX, t(1; 5; 12) (1pter-->1q23 : : 12q22-->12qter; 5qter-->5p11 : : 1q25-->1qter; 12pter-->12q22 : : 1q23-->1q25 : : 5p11-->5pter) with this newly established method. This investigation indicates that this technique described above is a powerful tool to detect complex chromosome rearrangements of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood for prenatal genetic diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To study fetal erythroblasts (FE) from maternal peripheral blood for the diagnosis of fetal aneuploidies. METHODS: FE expressing the glycophorin A(GPA) were isolated from 13 pregnant women with male fetus (8-14 w) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS), FE were identified by oligonucleotide primed in situ labelling (PRINS) with Y centromeric satellite DNA primer. The concentration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was measured by enzyme-labelled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples of 41 normal pregnant women (8-14 w). In 5 pregnant women suspicious of fetal Down's syndrome (10-13 w) the serum and FE were examined by PAPP-A, GPA/FACS and PRINS with 21 chromosome centrometric primer. RESULTS: Detection of flow sorted FE from 13 pregnant women by Y primer showed 14.5% of GPA positive signal. There was no difference in serum level of PAPP-A between 5 pregnant women and 41 normal controls, and all GPA positive cell nuclei of the 5 cases displayed two signals with 21 chromosome. CONCLUSION: Measurement of fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood for the diagnosis of genetic fetal aneuploidies is a promising non-invasive, rapid and reliable technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Analysis of thymoma excision in patients with myasthenia gravis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of myasthenia gravis (MG) with thymoma and the effect of tracheostomy at the early stage after operation. METHODS: Thymoma excision and selective tracheostomy were performed on 46 patients with MG from March 1983 to December 1994. RESULTS: There were 15 patients with benign thymomas and 31 patients with malignant thymomas. MG crises were seen in 52.2% of patients postoperatively, most in type IIb and III. The mortality of in-patients after operation was 10.9%. Thirty-nine patients with thymoma were followed up for 6 months to 12 years after being discharged from hospital. The MG symptoms were relieved in 33.3%, improved in 20.5% and unchanged in 2.6% of patients. 38.5% of patients died of the disease. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of MG with thymoma are, more severe condition of the patient, rapid advance, and more MG crises before and after operation. The perioperative mortality from MG with thymoma is higher and its prognosis is unfavourable. It is very important to treat severe cases of MG with thymoma by tracheostomy with thymoma excision at the early stage after the operation. This is an effective method to prevent and treat MG crises as well as to lower the perioperative mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[The role of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer].

Using video-assisted thoracoscopic techniques in 32 lung cancer patients over the past 3 years, we have performed a vriety of procedures previously accomplished by "open" techniques. This group of patients included stage I (7 patients), stage II-IIIa (10), stage IV (15). Our procedures include wedge resections of lung tumor using endoscopic mechnical stapling devicesin 7 patients; pulmonary lobectomy in 7; lung cancer staging in 7; pleural biopsies and pleurodesis in 11. There were no mortality and no serious complications associated with the procedure. Our experience indicates on expanded role of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Identification and characterization of genes that are required for the accelerated degradation of mRNAs containing a premature translational termination codon.

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes nonsense mutations in a gene can enhance the decay rate of the mRNA transcribed from the gene, a phenomenon described as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In yeast, the products of the UPF1 and UPF3 genes are required for this decay pathway, and in this report we focus on the identification and characterization of additional factors required for rapid decay of nonsense-containing mRNAs. We present evidence that the product of the UPF2 gene is a new factor involved in this decay pathway. Mutation of the UPF2 gene or deletion of it from the chromosome resulted in stabilization of nonsense-containing mRNAs, whereas the decay of wild-type transcripts was not affected. The UPF2 gene was isolated, and its transcript was characterized. Our results demonstrate that the UPF2 gene encodes a putative 126.7-kD protein with an acidic region at its carboxyl terminus (-D-E)n found in many nucleolar and transcriptional activator proteins. The UPF2 transcript is 3600 nucleotides in length and contains an intron near its 5' end. The UPF2 gene is dispensable for vegetative growth, but upf2 delta strains were found to be more sensitive to the translational elongation inhibitor cycloheximide than UPF2+. A genetic analysis of other alleles proposed to be involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay revealed that the UPF2 gene is allelic to the previously identified sua1 allele, a suppressor of an out-of-frame ATG insertion shown previously to reduce translational initiation from the normal ATG of the CYC1 gene. In addition, we demonstrate that another suppressor of this cyc1 mutation, sua6, is allelic to upf3, a previously identified lesion involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1995

Effects of differentiation and transforming growth factor beta 1 on PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA levels in MC3T3-E1 cells.

TGF beta has opposing effects on osteoblasts which are thought to be differentiation stage dependent; however, little is known concerning the effects of TGF beta on osteoblastic characteristics at different stages of maturation. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pattern of mRNA expression for the PTH/PTHrP receptor during normal osteoblastic differentiation in vitro, and evaluate the effects of TGF beta 1 on PTH/PTHrP receptor and osteocalcin (OCN) steady-state mRNA at different stages of osteoblastic differentiation. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were plated at low density and induced to differentiate with ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate. The first group served as a vehicle control and the remaining five groups received a single 48 h TGF beta 1 (3.0 ng/ml)-pulse staggered on a weekly basis for 30 days. Cell cultures were harvested weekly and evaluated for: steady-state PTH/PTHrP receptor and OCN mRNA levels via northern analysis, calcium and phosphorous levels, bone nodules via Von Kossa staining, alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels, and hydroxyproline levels. Group 1 (control) samples followed a normal pattern of proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition, and mineralization. PTH/PTHrP receptor and OCN mRNA expression increased 8-fold and 10-fold respectively, over the collection periods. When TGF beta 1 was administered during the first 48 h period (group 2) while cells were rapidly proliferating, there was a persistent inhibition of PTH/PTHrP receptor expression and a striking reduction in OCN mRNA expression at all time points. There was also a down-regulation of PTH/PTHrP receptor and OCN expression when TGF beta 1 was administered later during osteoblast differentiation (groups 3-6); however, these effects were not persistent. In addition there was a total lack of bone nodule formation in group two cultures, whereas groups 3-6 had increasing bone nodule formation because the TGF beta 1 was administered later in the culture period. These studies indicate that expression of the PTH/PTHrP receptor increases with osteoblastic differentiation and suggest that TGF beta 1 inhibits osteoblastic maturation with more persistent effects found in less differentiated osteoblastic cells.

3T3 Cells↗