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Biomedical subjects

Y Niki

Publications and source records attributed to Y Niki.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia spp. in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects in Japan.

To evaluate the seropositivity of Chlamydia spp. in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects in Japan, Chlamydia-specific antibodies in sera collected from 106 HIV-infected subjects were measured by the microimmunofluorescence test. The prevalence of C. pneumoniae-specific IgA, C. trachomatis-specific IgG and IgA and mean titers were significantly higher in the homosexual and heterosexual HIV-infected subjects than in the hemophilic patients and HIV-negative controls. These data indicate that the higher C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis seroprevalence among HIV-infected subjects is probably due to an HIV risk factor, such as promiscuous sexual behavior, rather than to HIV infection itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Measures against hospital infection for students in medical schools in Japan--a survey by questionnaires].

We sent questionnaires to 80 medical schools in Japan to know what the problems in hospital infection for students in medical schools are. Seventy-one % were sent back to us. There have been hospital infection from patients to students in 12% of the medical schools, included 3 cases each of measles, chickenpox and mumps, 2 cases each of rubella, hepatitis B and tuberculosis. Fourteen % of the medical schools had reports about the past history of infection and vaccination from students, 70% of the schools determined their antibodies and the 28% did nothing. Ninety-three%, 25%, 23%, 18%, and 15%, of the schools determined antibodies for hepatitis B, rubella, measles, chickenpox and mumps, respectively. Some assays of the measurement were low in sensitivity. The cost for the determination was fully paid in 48% of the schools, but only partially supported in 35%. Tuberculin reaction was performed in 40% of the schools and then BCG was done in 57%. Vaccination was recommended in 40% of the schools. The cost of vaccination was all paid in 38% of them, which was only for hepatitis B, and partially supported in 15% of them.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2000

[Comparison of positivity rates for antibodies against measles, rubella, chickenpox and mumps by assays].

Our previous study found mistakes by some doctors in the choice of an assay for determining antibodies in Japan. To compare the positivity rates for antibodies by assays, we measured the antibodies of measles, rubella, chickenpox and mumps from the same sera using such methods as the EIA, HI and CF assays. The subjects were 175 nursing students. The positivity rates for measles, chickenpox and mumps by the EIA assay were 96.6%, 93.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. Those for rubella by the HI and CF assays were 92.0% and 10.1%. The sensitivity rates for measles, chickenpox and mumps by the HI and CF assays, based on the results of the EIA assay, were 75.1%, 102.4% and 69.2% in the HI assay, and 20.6%, 38.7% and 8.0% in the CF assay, respectively. Our previous study showed that the sensitivity of the HI assay for rubella antibody is same as that of the EIA assay in Japan. Currently an EIA assay should be chosen for these antibodies and the HI assay or IAHA assay should be possible selections for rubella and chickenpox. However, international comparison of the cutoff titers for these antibodies should be considered.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2000

Serum KL-6 as a possible marker for amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity.

Amiodarone is a useful drug for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. However, amiodarone can induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) and may cause life-threatening lung damage. APT can be difficult to diagnose, but early diagnosis is important. Here, in a 51-year-old man with APT, the high serum KL-6 level was correlated with the severity of symptoms and chest X-ray findings, and it was inversely correlated with PaO2 and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide levels. The findings suggest that the serum KL-6 level may be increased in APT and that therefore it's the determination of serum KL-6 may provide a useful indicator and/or monitoring marker of APT. KL-6 is believed to be produced and secreted by type II pneumocytes. Typical pathological findings of APT include proliferation of type II pneumocytes which may produce KL-6, and result in increased serum KL-6 levels.

Amiodarone↗
PubMed2000

[Activities of antimicrobial agents against 5,180 clinical isolates obtained from 26 medical institutions during 1998 in Japan. Levofloxacin--Surveillance Group].

The surveillance study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin) and other 20 antimicrobial agents against 5,180 clinical isolates obtained from 26 medical institutions during 1998 in Japan. The resistance to fluoroquinolones was remarkable in Enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from UTI. However, many of the common pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae including penicillin-resistant isolates, methicillin-susceptible Stahylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, the family of Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae including ampicillin-resistant isolates have been kept to be susceptible to fluoroquinolones. About 90% of P. aeruginosa isolates from RTI were susceptible to fluoroquinolones. In conclusion, the results from this surveillance study suggest that fluoroquinolones are useful in the treatment of various bacterial infections including respiratory infections.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

[Pulmonary suppuration due to a mixed infection of anaerobic bacterium and Actinomyces].

We report a case of pulmonary suppuration due to a mixed infection of anaerobic bacterium and Actimomyces. A 49-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of hemoptysis on March 30, 1999. A chest X-ray film showed a localized shadow in the right middle lobe, and a tumor shadow was recognized on chest CT. The anaerobic bacterium were isolated from specimens collected bronchofiberscopically. A diagnosis of pulmonary suppuration due to anaerobic bacterium was made, and treatment with sulbactam/ampicillin, followed by imipenem/cilastatin, was initiated. Although his clinical symptoms and laboratory data improved rapidly following this treatment, the abnormal finding on the chest radiographs remained, with only slight improvement. Accordingly, surgical resection of part of the right middle lobe was performed on June 29 using a video-associated thoracic surgery technique. Actinomycosis was recognized by pathological examination of the resected lesion. A revised diagnosis of pulmonary suppuration due to a mixed infection of anaerobic bacterium and Actinomyces was made. Anaerobic bacterium in the oral cavity are recognized as significant pathogens in pulmonary suppuration. In the present case, we considered anaerobic bacterium and Actinomyces aspirated from the oral cavity into the lung to have caused the pulmonary suppuration.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMed1999

[Sepsis due to Salmonella Oranienburg--a case report].

A previously healthy 15-year-old female was admitted to our hospital complaining of nausea and vomiting. She did not complain of diarrhea. A physical examination revealed a lower right quadrant abdominal tenderness without rebound or spontaneous pain and a knocking pain of the costovertebral angle. A high fever, knocking pain of costovertebral angle, and urinary findings including Gram's stain, lead us to suspect a urinary tract infection, cefotiam was administered intravenously. Spiking fever with shaking chills continued for three days, and three sets of blood cultures were positive for Salmonella Oranienburg, but her urine culture was negative. Her history was taken again, revealing an intake of a processed squid product. The product was confirmed by the local public health center to be Salmonella Oranienburg. Finally food poisoning by Salmonella Oranienburg with sepsis was diagnosed. With cefotiam she became better and was discharged from the hospital on the 10th hospital day. During admission to the hospital she did not experience any diarrhea, and her stool culture was negative. Epidemics of Salmonella Oranienburg food poisoning are relatively rare in the literature. In Japan, one has arisen as a result of contamination of a processed squid product in March 1999. However, there have been no cases without so-called gastroenteritic symptoms (abdominal pain and diarrhea) who were previously healthy and developed sepsis caused by Salmonella Oranienburg, reported in Japan. Even in previously healthy patients, with an epidemic situation of non-typhoidal salmonellosis, salmonella sepsis must be ruled out. Among such cases, those who present with spiking fever and shaking chills should be given antibiotic therapy after taking appropriate cultures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Influences of urinary pH on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in humans and antimicrobial activity in vitro versus those of sparfloxacin.

The impact of acidification and alkalinization of urine on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin was investigated after single 200-mg oral doses were administered to nine healthy male volunteers. In addition, the effect of human urine on the MICs of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against some common urinary tract pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Acidic and alkaline conditions were achieved by repeated oral doses of ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate, respectively. Plasma ciprofloxacin levels in all subjects were adequately described in terms of two-compartment model kinetics with first-order absorption. Acidification and alkalinization treatments had no effect on ciprofloxacin absorption, distribution, or elimination. The total amount of unchanged ciprofloxacin excreted over 24 h under acidic conditions was 88.4 +/- 14.5 mg (mean +/- standard deviation) (44.2% of the oral dose) and 82.4 +/- 16.5 mg (41.2% of the oral dose) under alkaline conditions, while the total amount of unchanged drug excreted over 24 h in volunteers receiving neither sodium bicarbonate nor ammonium chloride was 90.53 +/- 9.8 mg (45.2% of the oral dose). The mean renal clearance of ciprofloxacin was 16.78 +/- 2.67, 16.08 +/- 3.2, and 16.31 +/- 2.67 liters/h with acidification, alkalinization, and control, respectively. Renal clearance and concentrations of ciprofloxacin in urine were not correlated with urinary pH. The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against E. coli NIHJ JC-2 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was affected by human urine and in particular by its pH. The activities of both quinolones against E. coli NIHJ JC-2 were lower at lower urinary pH and rather uniform, while in the case of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 ciprofloxacin was more active than sparfloxacin.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone, on the concentration of theophylline in serum.

The effect of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone, on the concentration of theophylline in serum in healthy male volunteers was investigated. The concentration of theophylline in serum and the urinary excretion rates of theophylline on day 5 of concomitant dosing with HSR-903 tended to increase compared to those on day 4, when theophylline was given alone; however, the urinary excretion rates of 1-methyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine on day 5 of concomitant dosing with HSR-903 tended to decrease in comparison to those on day 4, when theophylline was given alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparative tolerability of the newer fluoroquinolone antibacterials.

The most common adverse effects of the fluoroquinolones involve the gastrointestinal tract, skin and CNS, and are mainly mild and reversible. Of the gastrointestinal events, nausea and vomiting are the most common. Mild hepatic reactions are a class effect, usually presenting as mild transaminase level increases without clinical symptoms. However, postmarketing surveillance has revealed significant hepatotoxicity with trovafloxacin. It is not currently known whether the severe reactions to trovafloxacin are specific to that agent or simply represent an extreme of an emerging class effect. The enormous worldwide usage of, and extensive published adverse effect data on the other fluoroquinolones and naphthyridones suggests the former. In perspective, rare but serious hepatotoxicity has been reported with other fluoroquinolones and the overall incidence of trovafloxacin hepatotoxicity is not dissimilar to that reported with flucloxacillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. CNS reactions vary in severity and include dizziness, convulsions (notably with lomefloxacin) and psychoses. Fluoroquinolones differ in their pro-convulsive activity, relating to their differing potential as gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonists and binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. The basis for the increased seizure potential following the coadministration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with certain fluoroquinolones is not fully understood. Fluoroquinolone phototoxicity, caused by the generation of toxic free oxygen species under exposure to UVA radiation, is significantly more common with 8-halogenated compounds. Certain patient groups, e.g. patients with cystic fibrosis, are predisposed to this adverse effect. Murine photocarcinogenicity has been demonstrated with lomefloxacin, but no such effects have been reported in humans. Prolongation of the QTc interval is also a class effect, although cardiac arrhythmias have only been linked with sparfloxacin. Among the newer fluoroquinolones, clinically significant cardiac events are rare or absent but possible interactions in patients receiving other drugs capable of causi ng QT prolongation should be anticipated. Tendinitis and rupture, usually of the Achilles tendon, are rare, class-effects of fluoroquinolones, most frequently reported with pefloxacin. Predisposing factors include aging, corticosteroid use, renal disease, haemodialysis and transplantation. Use of fluoroquinolones in paediatric patients remains contentious. However, accruing human data suggest that restrictions on paediatric use imposed because of fluoroquinolone-induced cartilage damage in juvenile animals, may soon be relaxed. Data from over 1700 children in the UK failed to disclose arthropathy and extensive paediatric use of norfloxacin in Japan and ciprofloxacin in developing countries has been free of articular effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Present problems and future trend of antifungals for deep seated mycosis. Azole antifungal agents].

Azole antifungal agents are the most common drugs for the treatment of deep seated mycosis throughout the world, because of their favorable anti-fungal spectrum, pharmacokinetics and safety. However there are some weak points in each drug or class, such as emerging resistance or interactions with other drugs. Many new derivatives are now under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation and among them, voriconazole and SCH56592 are showing satisfactory results in their early clinical studies. At the same time, however the ability of doctors to make an appropriate and logical choice for use of these drugs also essential.

Animals↗