Biomedical subjects

Y Okada

Publications and source records attributed to Y Okada.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Preoperative imaging for parathyroid localization in primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: We retrospectively studied the results of diagnostic imaging using 3 different modalities to determine their usefulness for preoperative localization of the parathyroid, and whether accurate preoperative localization information could be used to modify the surgical approach for parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: Images of 37 parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasias in 35 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were obtained using ultrasonography, computed tomography, and subtraction scintigraphy (using thallium 201 [thallous chloride] and either iodine 123 or technetium 99m pertechnetate [99mTcO4-]). RESULTS: Approximately three fourths of the adenomas or hyperplasias were successfully identified by ultrasound (76.7%) and computed tomography (76.4%), even when the weight of the tumor was less than 500 mg. However, subtraction scintigraphy was of limited use (61.3% successfully identified). A combination of these modalities gave excellent results for detecting adenomas and hyperplasias, leading to an accurate prediction rate of 96.0%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that using the combination of these 3 imaging modalities is very useful for the detection of parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasias, and that with such accurate localization information, the unilateral approach alone, or even simple excision of the parathyroid tumors might be feasible, enabling less invasive surgical treatment.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1997

Magnetically levitated motor for rotary blood pumps.

The noncontact rotary pumps under development for use as artificial heart pumps are highly efficient and can prevent thrombus formation. In these pumps magnetic bearings have been widely used to support the rotors to avoid any physical contact. The use of magnetic bearings, however, has led to requirements for the control of a large degree of freedom and for a separate driving motor. This paper introduces 2 types of levitated motors, each of which uses a combination of a rotary motor and a magnetic bearing. These motors are suitable for use in artificial blood pumps because they are small in size and can replace contact components. The radial type levitated motor has the merit of being small in size and capable of controlling the 2 degrees of freedom in the x and y directions. The axial type motor controls only one degree of freedom in the z direction. This paper also introduces the theoretical background of the functions of the motor and magnetic bearing. Experimental results of tests of the proposed motor show a great potential for its application in rotary blood pumps.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1997

[Evaluation of Novapath assay for direct detection in patient stool of Vero toxin and Vero toxin-producing Escherichia coli].

We evaluated two kits which detect either Verotoxin (Novapath EHEC) or EHEC O157 (Novapath O157) directly from stool specimens and compared with the result of PCR. The tests can be completed in 3 hrs. All fecal specimens from 18 healthy volunteers showed negative results with both kits and PCR. Specimens from patients of EHEC O157 outbreak in Okayama Prefecture and asymptomatic families of patients of outbreak in Sakai City of Japan were also analyzed. Fecal specimens from which EHEC O157 was isolated showed positive results with both kits and PCR. Some specimens which were culture negative showed positive results with either Novapath EHEC or Novapath O157 or both. The sensitivity of Novapath O157 was lower than PCR to detect O157 organisms but took shorter time to get result. Novapath EHEC showed very high sensitivity in detecting Vero toxin. These results suggest that Novapath EHEC especially can be used clinically for rapid diagnosis.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1997

Induction of intestinal lesions in nu/nu mice induced by transfer of lymphocytes from syngeneic mice infected with murine retrovirus.

BACKGROUND: Murine leukemia virus, LP-BM5, induces severe immunodeficiency with abnormal lymphoproliferation in susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In a previous study, it was shown that a Sjögren's syndrome-like systemic exocrinopathy is induced in the virus infected mice. AIMS: To examine lymphocyte functions of the virus infected mice. METHODS: Four-week old mice were inoculated with the virus and their spleen cells were transferred into syngeneic nu/nu mice. Their organs were examined by light and electron microscopy. Phenotypes of the colon infiltrating cells were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: All nu/nu recipients had died by six weeks after cell transfer, showing runting disease like cachexia with diarrhoea and anal bleeding. Histopathological examination revealed that systemic exocrinopathy was adoptively transferable and that the colon became thickened due to mononuclear cell infiltration into the mucosal and submucosal layer with hyperplasia of intestinal epithelial cells. No virus particles were found in the colon. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that most of the infiltrating CD4+ T cells showed CD45RBlow. No intestinal lesions were observed in the virus infected mice nor in nu/nu mice inoculated with normal lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: Lymphocytes of the virus infected mice induced colitis and hyperplasia of intestinal epithelial cells as well as systemic exocrinopathy in nu/nu mice. Our experimental system may give some insight into intestinal lesions associated with virus infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Volume expansion-sensing outward-rectifier Cl- channel: fresh start to the molecular identity and volume sensor.

The maintenance of a constant volume in the face of extracellular and intracellular osmotic perturbation is essential for the normal function and survival of animal cells. Osmotically swollen cells restore their volume, exhibiting a regulatory volume decrease by releasing intracellular K+, Cl-, organic solutes, and obligated water. In many cell types, the volume regulatory effluxes of Cl- and some organic osmolytes are known to be induced by swelling-induced activation of anion channels that are characterized by their moderate outward rectification, cytosolic ATP dependency, and intermediate unitary conductance (10-100 pS). Recently, simultaneous measurements of cell size by light microscopy and whole cell Cl- current have shown that the Cl- current density is proportionally increased with an increase in the outer surface area, which is mainly achieved through unfolding of membrane invaginations by volume expansion. Thus this anion channel can somehow sense volume expansion and can be called the volume expansion-sensing outwardly rectifying (VSOR) anion channel. Its molecular identity and activation mechanism are yet to be elucidated. Three cloned proteins, ClC-2, P-glycoprotein, and pIcln, have been proposed as candidates for the VSOR anion channel. The unitary conductance, voltage dependency, anion selectivity, pH dependency, and pharmacology of the VSOR anion channel are distinct from the ClC-2 Cl- channel, which is also known to be sensitive to volume changes. Recent patch-clamp studies in combination with molecular biological techniques have shown that P-glycoprotein is not itself the channel protein but is a regulator of its volume sensitivity. Although there is still debate about another candidate protein, pIcln, the most recent study has suggested that this is likely to be a regulator of some other distinct Cl- channel. Identification of the VSOR anion channel protein per se, its volume-sensing mechanism, and its accessory/regulatory proteins at the molecular level is currently a subject of utmost physiological importance.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1997

GABA-activated conductance in cultured rat inferior colliculus neurons.

With the use of a whole cell voltage-clamp technique and fura-2 fluorescence measurements, the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on cultured neurons from rat inferior colliculus were investigated. GABA (10-1,000 microM) induced currents in neurons held under voltage clamp that were inhibited by bicuculline (20 microM). Muscimol (100 microM) also evoked the currents, whereas baclofen (100 microM) affected neither the holding currents nor K+ conductance due to depolarizing pulses. The current density-voltage relation of GABA-induced currents, with equal concentrations of Cl- in the internal and external solutions, reversed near 0 mV. Reduction of the internal Cl- concentration shifted the-reversal potential in the negative direction as predicted from the Cl- equilibrium potential. Baclofen did not affect Ca2+ conductance due to depolarizing pulses. The extracellular application of 150 mM.KCl or 1.0 mM glutamate increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of cultured inferior colliculus neurons only when neurons were bathed in a Ca(2+)-containing external solution. However, GABA (1.0 mM) failed to increase [Ca2+]i at all concentrations of external Ca2+ used, indicating that GABA neither depolarized the cultured inferior colliculus neurons sufficiently to activate the voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances nor evoked Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. These results suggest that in cultured rat inferior colliculus neurons, GABAA receptor channels may be predominantly responsible for the membrane conductance evoked by GABA and subsequent hyperpolarization of the neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

In vitro effects of doxorubicin and mitomycin C on human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts.

Doxorubicin is an antiproliferative agent, that also inhibits prolyl 4-hydroxylase in vitro. We evaluated the effects of doxorubicin and mitomycin C (MMC) on the proliferation of human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts and the secretion of type I collagen in these cells to explore the potential use of doxorubicin as an antifibrotic agent after glaucoma filtering surgery. Standard immunoassays were used to determine the concentrations of type I procollagen COOH-terminal peptide (PIP), laminin and vitronectin receptor in conditioned media and cell lysates in the presence or absence of doxorubicin or MMC. The mitotic activity and viability of these cells were also determined. Cellular ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Doxorubicin and MMC decreased the cellular viability, the mitotic activity, and the production of the peptides measured. The inhibition of PIP secretion into the culture medium was higher in doxorubicin-treated cultures than in MMC-treated cultures at the tested concentrations (5-100 microM). The decrease in PIP levels in cell lysates was less in doxorubicin-treated culture (25 microM) than in MMC-treated culture (25 microM), suggesting that procollagen synthesis and secretion might be attenuated by doxorubicin. Ultrastructural studies revealed increased numbers of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of doxorubicin-treated cells relative to MMC-treated cells. Doxorubicin and MMC reduced cell viability and inhibited the proliferation and synthesis of PIP, laminin, and vitronectin receptor peptide. Inhibitory effects of doxorubicin on PIP secretion were more potent than those of MMC. Doxorubicin may be useful for inhibiting the fibrotic response at the site of ocular filtering surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Phosphatase-mediated enhancement of cardiac cAMP-activated Cl-conductance by a Cl- channel blocker, anthracene-9-carboxylate.

An aromatic carboxylate, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC), is known as a Cl- channel blocker. However, variable 9-AC effects have hitherto been reported on the cardiac cAMP-activated Cl- conductance, when applied extracellularly. We have reexamined the 9-AC effect on the Cl-conductance activated by isoproterenol or forskolin in guinea pig ventricular myocytes under whole-cell patch-clamp conditions. The inward current was blocked by 9-AC at > or = 0.5 mmol/L, but in contrast, the outward current was enhanced at much lower concentrations (ED50, approximately 13 mumol/L). 9-AC applied by the intracellular perfusion technique increased both the inward and outward currents. In the presence of intracellular 9-AC, deactivation of the conductance after washout of isoproterenol or forskolin was largely prevented. 9-AC produced an enhancing effect, even after inhibiting the deactivation process by okadaic acid (OA), whereas it failed to produce additional-effects in the presence of orthovanadate. Intracellular application of 9-AC together with OA virtually abolished the current deactivation. The 9-AC effects on the Cl-conductance were not dependent on intracellular Ca2+ or pH. Putative inhibitors of alkaline (bromotetramisole) and acid phosphatases (tartrate) were without effect. 9-AC failed to inhibit the activities of purified protein phosphatase (PP)-1, -2A, and -2C. In the extract of guinea pig ventricle, 9-AC (> or = 10 mumol/L for full action) significantly inhibited a fraction of endogenous phosphatase activity that was sensitive to orthovanadate but not to OA, bromotetramisole, and tartrate. It is concluded that 9-AC blocks cardiac cAMP-activated (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) Cl- conductance from the extracellular side but enhances the conductance from the intracellular side by inhibiting an orthovanadate-sensitive phosphatase distinct from PP-1, -2A, -2B, or -2C and alkaline or acid phosphatase.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed1997

Immunolocalization of lipoprotein(a) in wounded tissues.

Fifty samples from inflamed tissues were examined by immunohistochemical techniques, using antibodies against apo(a), apo B, plasminogen, fibrinogen, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and various components of extracellular matrix. The immunohistochemical features of granulation tissues were characterized by different stages of wound healing. In the first stage, immunoreactivities for anti-apo(a) and anti-apo B were weak and focal, whereas those for anti-plasminogen and anti-fibrinogen were strong and were widespread on the tissue surface. In the second stage, granulation tissues were covered with loose fibrous connective tissue, designated as a "fibrous cap." In this stage, markedly positive staining for lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] was observed closer to the surface of the fibrous cap than plasminogen, suggesting that Lp(a) may prevent external fibrinolysis. Lp(a) was also found in endothelial cells and the extracellular space of small vessels underlying the fibrous cap. In the last stage of healing, apo(a) and apo B were not detectable in completely organized tissues. These findings suggest that Lp(a) plays a role in the wound healing.

Apolipoproteins B↗

PubMed1997

Sexuality and fertility in long-term survivors of testicular cancer.

PURPOSE: We assessed the impact of different treatment modalities on sexuality and fertility in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 85 testicular cancer patients, of whom 19 had undergone chemotherapy with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), 15 had received chemotherapy only, 42 had received infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy, and nine had received surveillance therapy. The questionnaire reported sexual function, marital status, and issues related to fertility and childbearing. RESULTS: One fourth to one half reported some type of sexual impairment in each group. The only significant difference was that approximately 70% of men with RPLND reported inability of ejaculation and a greater decline in semen volume, which is expected. The most striking finding is that the rates and nature of sexual dysfunction of surveillance patients were similar to other treatment groups, except for ejaculatory function. The highest rates of infertility distress were observed in chemotherapy patients. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that sexual dysfunction and infertility represent the major persisting side effects, even years after diagnosis. The hypothesis that surveillance patients have fewer sexual problems is not upheld in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Degradation of a novel tripeptide, tert-butoxycarbonyl-Tyr-Leu-Val-CH2Cl, with inhibitory effect on human leukocyte elastase in aqueous solution and in biological fluids.

The stability of tert-butoxycarbonyl-Tyr-Leu-Val-CH2Cl (YLV) with inhibitory effect on human leukocyte elastase was investigated in aqueous solution, alpha-chymotrypsin solution and biological media. In all cases studied here, the degradation was observed as a pseudo-first order reaction. The half-life for the degradation of YLV in an aqueous solution of pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C was 35.9 h. YLV was most stable at about pH 3.8-5.8 and the effect of temperature was explained by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies of the degradation in aqueous solutions at pH 2.0, 4.8, and 7.4 were 24.6, 22.1 and 23.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The degradation products in aqueous solution were analyzed by HPLC-MS and were estimated as Boc-Tyr-Leu-Val-CH2OH at pH 7.4 and H2N-Tyr-Leu-Val-CH2Cl at pH 2.0. In a bovine pancreas alpha-chymotrypsin solution at 37 degrees C, the half-life of YLV was 15 min at 25.6 micrograms/ml of alpha-chymotrypsin solution. In the rat plasma, the half-life of YLV was 42.4 min (YLV 26.7 micrograms/ml plasma), and in rat liver, lung and spleen homogenates, the degradation rate constants of YLV were 37.6, 10.3 and 23.5 times larger than that in plasma solution, respectively (all fluids containing 5 mg protein/ml). YLV was less stable than nafarelin acetate, secretin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and gonadorelin in an aqueous solution of pH 7.4.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Transgenic plants as medicine production systems].

Transgenic plants are emerging as an important system for the expression of many recombinant proteins, especially those intended for therapeutic purpose. The production of foreign proteins in plants has several advantages. In terms of required equipment and cost, mass production in plants is far easier to achieve than techniques involving animal cells. Successful production of several proteins in plants, including human serum albumin, haemoglobin, monoclonal antibodies, viral antigens (vaccines), enkephalin, and trichosanthin, has been reported. Particularly, the demonstration that vaccine antigens can be produced in plants in their native, immunogenic forms opens exciting possibilities for the "bio-farming" of vaccines. If the antigens are orally active, food-based "edible vaccines" could allow economical production. In this review, I will discuss the progress that has been made by several groups in what is now an expanding area of medicine research that utilizes transgenic plants.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1997

A case of active acromegalic woman with a marked increase in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels after delivery.

Pregnancy in a woman with active acromegaly is very rare, because amenorrhea, due to hyperprolactinemia and disturbed pituitary gonadotropin secretion may cause infertility. We report a 28-year-old pregnant woman with untreated acromegaly, who was followed up from early pregnancy to delivery. Her pregnancy was uneventful, and she went into spontaneous labor at 38 weeks and delivered a normal infant. Her serum GH levels were further increased in late pregnancy, followed by decreased in postpartum periods, which may be associated with enlargement of pituitary adenoma during pregnancy. In contrast with serum GH, her serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were dissociated with her serum GH levels during late pregnant and postpartum period. Her serum GH and IGF-1 levels in late pregnancy were different from the levels in pregnant women with acromegaly reported previously.

Acromegaly↗

PubMed1997

Increased serum levels of the carrier molecules of the carbohydrate antigen sialyl Lewis X in liver diseases.

The serum levels of the carbohydrate antigen sialyl Lewis X (SLEX) increase in liver diseases (Sunayama T, Okada Y, Tsuji T., J Hepatol 1994; 19: 451-458). However, it is not known whether the increased serum SLEX levels are associated with the increased levels of its carrier molecules and/or the increased density of SLEX per carrier molecule. By using of rabbit antibody against an SLEX-positive fraction from HepG2 culture supernatant, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the serum levels of the carrier molecules of SLEX (CMSLEX). The CMSLEX-levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were significantly higher than those of normal controls (P < 0.001) and benign chronic liver diseases, i.e., chronic active hepatitis, mild and severe form, and liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). Patients with chronic persistent hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis, mild form, had higher CMSLEX-levels than normal controls (P < 0.05). The serum CMSLEX-levels did not differ significantly among benign liver diseases. We concluded that serum CMSLEX-levels increase nonspecifically in liver diseases. This is a possible molecular mechanism for the increased serum SLEX levels in liver diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The relationship of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings and closed system drainage in the recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma.

Although chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a well-known entity, its recurrence rate has remained uncertain. There is little knowledge concerning whether the results of radiological imaging can be used to predict CSDH recurrence or whether surgical methods can influence this rate. The first aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the recurrence rate of CSDHs and their appearance on preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) or computerized tomography images. The second aim is to evaluate by means of a prospective randomized method the usefulness of closed-system drainage. From January 1988 through June 1996, the authors surgically treated 257 consecutive adult patients with CSDHs. Data obtained in 199 patients who were evaluated preoperatively by MR imaging were analyzed. Thirty-one of these patients underwent bilateral operations and thus 230 operative sites of CSDH were included in the analyses. The cases of CSDH were separated into high- and nonhigh-intensity groups on the basis of the appearance on T1-weighted MR images. From July 1992 to June 1996, the authors conducted a prospective randomized study on the recurrence rate of CSDH in patients undergoing burr-hole irrigation with or without closed system drainage. The recurrence rate of 3.4% in the high-intensity group was significantly lower than the 11.6% rate found in the nonhigh-intensity group (p < 0.05). The recurrence rates following irrigation with and without closed system drainage were significantly different (p < 0.025): 3.1% with closed system drainage and 17% following burr-hole irrigation alone. The surgical procedures were correlated with the MR findings. In the high-intensity group, 1.1% of CSDHs recurred in patients in whom closed system drainage was used and 11.1% in patients without closed system drainage. In the nonhigh-intensity group, 8.1% of CSDHs recurred in patients in whom drainage was used and 23.1% in patients without closed system drainage. Magnetic resonance T1-weighted imaging was useful in predicting the propensity of CSDHs to recur. Closed system drainage significantly reduced the recurrence rate of CSDHs regardless of MR findings.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Three-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of configuration and dynamics of the mitral annulus in patients fitted with an annuloplasty ring.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography permits the objective analysis of structures and of pathologic conditions of complex geometry. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) permits 3D image sets of the heart to be produced from multiple 2D images by rotating the transducer, without changing its position. The purpose of this study was to clarify the capability of 3D echocardiography to evaluate the configuration and dynamics of the mitral annulus in patients fitted with an annuloplasty ring. METHODS: Twenty patients who underwent mitral valve repair for pure mitral regurgitation (10 with a flexible Duran ring and 10 with a rigid Carpentier ring) were studied. Using a multiplane transesophageal probe, sequential tomographic images were obtained by rotating the transducer at 2 degrees angular intervals around a 180 degrees arc. 3D reconstructions were performed to produce dynamic 3D images of the mitral annulus in a manner that simulated visualization from the left atrium. Mitral annular configuration was assessed from volume-rendered display and extractive 3D imaging. Mitral annular area change was evaluated from selected long-axis cut planes. RESULTS: The configuration and dynamics of the mitral annulus were visualized by 3D displays. In patients with a Duran ring, the mitral annulus had a non-planar configuration and mitral annular area changed during cardiac cycle (increased in diastole; reduced in atrial and ventricular systole; percentage reduction 25 +/- 2%). In patients with a Carpentier ring, the mitral annulus had a planar configuration and mitral annular area was effectively unchanged during the cardiac cycle. CONCLUSIONS: 3D echocardiography using a multiplane transesophageal probe is useful in evaluating the configuration and dynamics of the mitral annulus in patients fitted with an annuloplasty ring.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Clinical analysis of bladder cancer patients treated by radical cystectomy].

We assessed the treatment outcome of 105 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated by total cystectomy at our university hospital, between 1979 and 1993. The patients consisted of 84 men and 21 women (male to female ratio : 4:1), between 45 and 82 years old (mean, 65.5 years old). The overall cancer-specific survival rate at 3 and 5 years was 76.3% and 68.9%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 85.2% for grade 2 and 59.9% for grade 3 tumors with a significant difference in the survival curves between the two groups (p < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate according to pathological stage was 100% for pTa, 75.6% for pT1, 78.4% for pT2, 54.0% for pT3 and 39.8% for pT4. A significant difference was observed between pTa and pT3 (p < 0.05), and between pTa-2 and pT4 (p < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate was 72.3% for patients without lymph node involvement and 11.9% for those with lymph node involvement, the difference being significant (p < 0.01). Nineteen patients who received pre- and/or post-operative chemotherapy did not show a higher 5-year survival rate than those who did not.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Immunolocalization of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human chondrosarcomas.

We have immunohistochemically examined the localization of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human chondrosarcomas (CHS) (23 cases) and benign chondroid lesions (BCL) (16 cases of osteochondromas and 11 cases of enchondromas). In CHS, all the MMPs and TIMPs examined were positive. Among them, MMP-1 was immunolocalized in more than 90% of both CHS and BCL, but positive score of MMP-1 was significantly higher in CHS than that in BCL (p < 0.01). Compared with BCL, CHS expressed MMP-3 at a low level, and more often positive in MMP-9. It is possible that chondrosarcoma might have a tendency to lose the ability to secrete MMP-3, which is a metalloproteinase that can degrade cartilage proteoglycans and is related to normal cartilage turnover. MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were immunolocalized in more than 70% of the cases of both BCL and CHS, but the positive scores of these were not statistically different between the two groups. Interestingly, in several cases of CHS, both MMP-1 and MMP-9 immunostains were observed preferentially within the cells at the marginal areas of cartilaginous lobules. These findings suggest that increased expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 and decrease in MMP-3 expression are associated with the malignant phenotype of the cartilaginour tumors.

Adult↗