Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Y Pospísilová.
In this article two new peroral antidiabetics are introduced. The first is repaglinide, a prandial glucose regulator. The second is rosiglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinediones family, which improves the sensitivity of tissues to insulin and reduces insulin resistance.
Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) participates not only in the regulation of the extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure but also in the control of proliferating processes in the human organism. The favourable effect of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of essential hypertension may be caused also by their antiproliferative effect. The development of essential hypertension is probably of polygenic origin. The gene for ACE, and its alleles encountered commonly in the population is involved in the pathophysiology of systemic hypertension by acting on the dynamic properties of processes in the organism which regulate changes of the extracellular fluid volume and proliferation. Therefore it is necessary, when treating systemic hypertension with ACE inhibitors, to pay attention to monitoring of the blood pressure and organ changes. The relationship with blood pressure assessed by conventional methods need not be close. The antiproliferative effect of ACE inhibitors may be favourable in the treatment of hypertension and its clinical use in oncology may be taken into consideration.
This article summarizes the results of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, which monitored more than 4,000 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 for an average period of 11 years after the establishment of the diagnosis. The results of this study are as follows: A lower number of microvascular, but not macrovascular complications was established in the intensively treated patients (fasting plasma glucose less than 6 mmol/l) than was the case in the conventionally treated patients (fasting plasma glucose concentration less than 15 mmol/l). No differences in efficacy in reducing glycaemia were found in the intensive treatment between sulphonylurea, insulin and metformin, but all of them were more effective than diet alone. However, mean baseline glucose concentrations in all treatment groups steadily increased over the entire study period. The reduction of macrovascular complications was seen only in the group of obese diabetics with metformin monotherapy. The great reduction of macrovascular complications was seen in the group of good blood pressure, and no differences between ACE-inhibitor and betablocker were established. There were no more ischemic complications among patients receiving sulphonylurea's medication and there were no more atherosclerotic complications in patients receiving insulin.
This article summarises the most common metabolic and endocrine complications in solid and hematology malignancies. The aim of this article in not to give information about clinical features or diagnosis of these symptoms, but basic information about the treatment of these complications. It discusses the treatment of hypercalcaemia and symptoms of gastroenteropancreatic tumours.
ATP-sensitive potassium channels are the site of action of the sulphonylurea derivatives that are used to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These ATP-sensitive potassium channels are also found in myocardial cells and in vascular smooth muscle cells. The sulphonylurea derivatives have been reported to cancel the cardioprotective effects by blocking the opening of these channels in myocardium and vascular smooth muscles. A new sulphonylurea derivative, glimepiride, has been shown to be devoid of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channel binding properties. The so called potassium-channel-openers, on the other hand, are expected to be used in the treatment of hypertension, ischemic heart disease and asthma bronchiale.
The paper sums up the current knowledge on the outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy, the information is based on the experience with this type of treatment in the USA. The introduction gives the reasons for outpatient as opposed to inpatient therapy. The first part of the paper discusses the indications and the contraindications of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy, the choice of the adequate antibiotic, the organisation of this treatment and the cooperation between the doctors, nurses and patients. The second part of the paper deals with specific diseases and the possibility of their treatment by means of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy.