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Y Tano

Publications and source records attributed to Y Tano.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

HGF/NK4 inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis in in vitro cultured endothelial cells and in vivo rabbit model.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of angiogenesis induced by VEGF is crucial to treat diabetic retinopathy. HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)/NK4, containing the N-terminal hairpin domain and the four subsequent kringle domains of HGF, is considered as a specific antagonist for HGF. Our aim was to explore the inhibitory effects of HGF/NK4 on angiogenesis induced by VEGF. METHODS: To analyze the in vivo angiogenesis, we used rabbit corneal micropocket assay. Proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells, expression of ets-1, an essential transcription factor for angiogenesis, and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was examined with or without HGF/NK4. RESULTS: Using corneal micropocket assay, in vivo administration of HGF/NK4 inhibited angiogenesis induced by VEGF. HGF/NK4 inhibited proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells induced by VEGF in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, VEGF-mediated phosphorylation of ERK was significantly attenuated by HGF/NK4. Of importance, HGF/NK4 attenuated the increase in ets-1 protein stimulated by VEGF. Nevertheless, HGF/NK4 did not affect phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 [kinase domain region (KDR)/foetal liver kinase (Flk)-1]. Although tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor (Na(3)VO(4)), or okadaic acid, serine-threonin kinase inhibitor, did not prevent the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by HGF/NK4, co-incubation of HGF/NK4 with VEGF significantly diminished mitogen-activated protein (MAP) ERK kinase (MEK) phosphorylation (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Overall, HGF/NK4 inhibited angiogenesis induced by VEGF through inhibition of phosphorylation of ERK and ets-1 expression in in vitro cultured endothelial cells and in vivo rabbit model.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Functional Kir7.1 channels localized at the root of apical processes in rat retinal pigment epithelium.

1. The inwardly rectifying K+ channel current (IK(IR)) recorded from isolated retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells showed poor dependence on external K+ ([K+]o) and low sensitivity to block by Ba2+. We examined the molecular identity and specific subcellular localization of the KIR channel in RPE cells. 2. The Kir7.1 channel current heterologously expressed in HEK293T cells (human embryonic kidney cell line) showed identical properties to those of the RPE IK(IR), i.e. poor dependence on [K+]o and low sensitivity to Ba2+ block. 3. Expression of Kir7.1 mRNA and protein was detected in RPE cells by RT-PCR and immunoblot techniques, respectively. 4. Immunohistochemical studies including electron microscopy revealed that the Kir7.1 channel was localized specifically at the proximal roots of the apical processes of RPE cells, where Na+,K+-ATPase immunoreactivity was also detected. 5. The middle-distal portions of apical processes of RPE cells in the intact tissue exhibited immunoreactivity of Kir4.1, a common KIR channel. In the isolated RPE cells, however, Kir4.1 immunoreactivity was largely lost, while Kir7.1 immunoreactivity remained. 6. These data indicate that the only IK(IR) recorded in isolated RPE cells is derived from the functional Kir7.1 channel localized at the root of apical processes. Co-localization with Na+,K+-ATPase suggests that the Kir7.1 channel may provide the pathway for recycling of K+ to maintain pump activity and thus is essential for K+ handling in RPE cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Nestin-EGFP transgenic mice: visualization of the self-renewal and multipotency of CNS stem cells.

We generated transgenic mice carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the nestin second-intronic enhancer (E/nestin:EGFP). Flow cytometry followed by in vitro assays revealed that in situ EGFP expression in the embryonic brain correlated with the mitotic index, the cogeneration of both neurons and glia, and the frequency of neurosphere formation in vitro. High-level EGFP expressors derived from embryos included a distinct subpopulation of cells that were self-renewable and multipotent, criteria that define neural stem cells (NSCs). Such cells were largely absent among lower-level or non-EGFP expressors, thereby permitting us to enrich for NSCs using EGFP expression level. In adults, although E/nestin:EGFP-positive cells included the NSC population, the frequency of neurosphere formation did not correlate directly with the level of EGFP expression. However, moderately EGFP-expressing cells in adults gained EGFP intensity when they formed neurospheres, suggesting embryonic and adult NSCs exist in different microenvironments in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Topographic analysis of astigmatism induced by scleral shortening in pig eyes.

BACKGROUND: Corneal astigmatism is a severe postoperative problem in foveal translocation surgery. We evaluated the corneal astigmatism induced by scleral shortening in pig eyes in vitro. METHODS: We created three sizes of scleral shortening in pig eyes and examined the preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism. The three sizes of scleral shortening were; 6 mm x 12 mm, 9 mm x 12 mm, and 6 mm x 16 mm (radial x circumferential). The shortenings were created 11 mm from the limbus with 10 eyes in each group. Videokeratographic measurements were performed using the CAS System 2000, preoperatively and postoperatively, and the astigmatism caused by the scleral shortening was evaluated. RESULTS: The surgically-induced astigmatism was 2.1 +/- 1.2 diopters (D) in the 6 mm x 12 mm group, 5.2+/-1.5 D in the 9 mm x 12 mm group, and 3.7+/-1.0 D in the 6 mm x 16 mm group. Corneal astigmatism caused by scleral shortening depended on both the radial and circumferential shortening. Pre- and postoperative topographic corneal maps showed an irregular astigmatism pattern (lazy bowtie pattern). Because the central zone of the cornea showed a relatively regular astigmatism, the corneal astigmatism induced by scleral shortening did not affect the predicted corneal acuity. CONCLUSIONS: In foveal translocation surgery with scleral shortening, an excessive scleral resection in the radial direction can cause clinically intolerable regular and irregular astigmatism. Minimal scleral shortening that will satisfy the required translocated distance is recommended to reduce the risk/benefit ratio.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Visual function after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy.

PURPOSE: To assess functional and anatomical outcomes after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. METHODS: Foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy was performed in 11 eyes of 11 patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Ten eyes had simultaneous torsional muscle surgery with recession of the superior oblique muscle and tucking of the inferior oblique muscle. Silicone oil removal with or without intraocular lens implantation was performed 2 to 8 weeks after the primary procedure. Visual acuity, binocular function, and degree of cyclotorsion were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Angles of retinal and globe rotation, distance of foveal shift, and surgical complications were also investigated. RESULTS: With a mean postoperative follow-up of 6.2 months (range, 3 to 13 months), vision improved (greater than 0.2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution [logMAR] units) in eight eyes, was unchanged in two eyes, and worsened (greater than 0.2 logMAR units) in 1 eye. Seven of 11 eyes (64%) had a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Five patients developed or maintained binocular fusion, four patients continued to have suppression, and two patients developed diplopia that was managed by spectacles with Fresnel prisms. Subjective cyclotorsion was less than 8 degrees in 10 eyes. Mean retinal and globe rotations were 23.4 degrees and 19.8 degrees, respectively. Average size of the choroidal neovascular membrane was 0.8 disk diameter, whereas the average distance of foveal shift was 1.5 disk diameter. After the primary procedure, three eyes developed retinal detachment, one eye macular hole, and one eye proliferative vitreoretinopathy. These complications were successfully managed by additional surgery. CONCLUSION: Foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy is effective in restoring vision in some patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Although the development of torsional diplopia is generally obviated by simultaneous extraocular muscle surgery, a relatively high incidence of surgical complications should be taken into account with this procedure.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Macular translocation: unifying concepts, terminology, and classification.

PURPOSE: To describe some unifying concepts, terminology, and classification of macular translocation so as to facilitate communication within the scientific community. METHODS: A panel of ophthalmologists with expertise in macular translocation reviewed available data and developed some unifying concepts, terminology, and classification of macular translocation. RESULTS: Macular translocation may be defined as any surgery that has a primary goal of relocating the central neurosensory retina or fovea intraoperatively or postoperatively specifically for the management of macular disease. It may be classified according to the size of the retinotomy and, where applicable, the technique of chorioscleral shortening used. The direction of macular translocation is denoted by the movement of the neurosensory macula relative to the underlying tissues. Effective macular translocation may be defined as successful intraoperative or postoperative relocation of the fovea overlying a subfoveal lesion to an area outside the border of the lesion. The concepts of minimum desired translocation and median postoperative foveal displacement can give some useful idea of the likelihood of effective macular translocation before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a common standardized terminology for macular translocation will facilitate communication within the scientific community and enhance further research in this area. However, the definitions, terms, classification, and concepts concerning macular translocation are likely to continue to evolve as macular translocation undergoes further modifications and refinements.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Indocyanine green facilitates removal of epiretinal and internal limiting membranes in myopic eyes with retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: To describe the use of intravitreal indocyanine green as an aid to identifying epiretinal membranes and internal-limiting membranes during surgery for a retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole. METHODS: A 62-year-old man who had a retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole underwent vitrectomy. During the surgery, intravitreal indocyanine green was injected intravitreally. RESULTS: The internal-limiting membrane was stained green, but the epiretinal membrane was unstained. Because the epiretinal membrane and internal-limiting membrane were clearly identified, they could be completely removed. The clinical observations of the epiretinal membrane and internal-limiting membrane excised were confirmed by electron microscopy. Successful reattachment was obtained without damage to the retina. CONCLUSION: Removal of epiretinal membrane and internal-limiting membrane can be facilitated by using intravitreal indocyanine green during vitrectomy. We recommend further studies to confirm the benefit of this technique.

Basement Membrane↗
PubMed2001

Epithelial pigment slide in contact lens wearers: a possible marker for contact lens-associated stress on corneal epithelium.

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of epithelial pigment slide among wearers of various types of contact lenses. METHODS: Prospectively, we studied 432 eyes of 432 patients. The patients were separated into 6 groups: hard contact lens (HCL) wearers (n = 166), conventional soft contact lens (CSCL) wearers (n = 30), extended disposable lens (EDCL) wearers (n = 46), frequent replacement SCL (FRCL) wearers (n = 60), daily disposable SCL (DDCL) wearers (n = 65), and normal controls (n = 65). The incidence of prominent pigment slide, defined as spike-like epithelial opacities in the corneal limbus and longer than 1 mm from the base to the apex of the wedges-shaped process detected by slit-lamp examination, was compared in these 6 groups. The relationship between the incidence of prominent pigment slide and the length of contact lens wear was examined. RESULTS: The overall incidence of prominent pigment slide in the CSCL, EDCL, HCL, FRCL, DDCL, and normal groups was 63.3, 23.9, 13.9, 8.3, 7.7, and 4.6%, respectively. The incidence of prominent pigment slide in the CSCL and EDCL groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. A higher incidence of prominent pigment slide was correlated with longer wearing period in each group. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of epithelial pigment slide may be a marker for contact lens-associated stress to the corneal epithelium.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2001

Effect of Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution on the retinal pigment epithelium and retina in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To determine whether intravitreal irrigation with Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus (Alcon Laboratory, Fort Worth, Texas) solution alters the adhesiveness between the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina of rabbits. METHODS: Thirty-four eyes of 34 Dutch pigmented rabbits underwent lensectomy and vitrectomy. Subsequently, the vitreous cavity of 24 eyes was irrigated with Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution for 10 or 20 minutes. The other 10 eyes were irrigated with BSS Plus solution for 20 minutes as controls. To determine the adhesiveness between the retinal pigment epithelium and retina, a retinal detachment was produced in 12 of the 34 eyes. The apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor outer segments were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Retinal physiology was assessed by electroretinography and retinal morphology by light microscopy. RESULTS: After retinal detachment was produced, the number of cone sheaths on the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium after irrigation with Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution for 20 minutes (33 +/- 15, mean +/- SD) was significantly less than the number of cone sheaths on the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium of eyes after irrigation with BSS Plus solution for 20 minutes (120 +/- 50) or the number of cone sheaths on the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium of eyes after 10 minutes of irrigation with Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution (115 +/- 49; P =.02). The b-wave amplitudes in the eyes irrigated with Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution for 20 minutes were depressed compared with the b-waves in eyes irrigated with BSS Plus solution for 20 minutes on the first postoperative day (P =.03). After the third postoperative day, there was no significant difference in the b-waves (P >.06). Light microscopy demonstrated no morphologic abnormalities after the use of both solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal irrigation with Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution for 20 minutes altered the adhesion between the retinal pigment epithelium microvilli and retinal outer segments and made the creation of retinal detachment less traumatic. These results suggest that Ca(2+)-free and Mg(2+)-free BSS Plus solution may be of clinical value for the creation of an intentional retinal detachment for foveal translocation surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Different recurrence patterns after phototherapeutic keratectomy in the corneal dystrophy resulting from homozygous and heterozygous R124H BIG-H3 mutation.

PURPOSE: To report the recurrence pattern of corneal deposits after phototherapeutic keratectomy in patients with corneal dystrophies resulting from homozygous and heterozygous Arg124His (R124H) mutation of the BIG-H3 gene. METHODS: Slit-lamp examination was performed on patients with corneal dystrophy resulting from a genetically confirmed BIG-H3 R124H mutation. RESULTS: The recurrence of corneal deposits after phototherapeutic keratectomy in patient with heterozygous R124H mutation was mild; the granular opacities occurred as spot lesions in the central cornea. The patient with a homozygous mutation had a more severe pattern, and the recurrent lesions were diffuse and occurred in the periphery between the corneal epithelium and laser-ablated stroma. The recurrence-free interval in homozygous patients was shorter. CONCLUSION: The mutation genotype of BIG-H3 gene determines the recurrence pattern after phototherapeutic keratectomy.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits choriocapillaris atrophy in rabbit.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on induced choriocapillaris atrophy in vivo. METHODS: Choriocapillaris atrophy was surgically induced in rabbits by a hydraulic retinal detachment followed by debridement of the retinal pigment epithelium under the detached retina. Three concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor (0.1 microg/0.1 ml, 1 microg/0.1 ml, or 5 microg/0.1 ml) were injected into the subretinal space and into the vitreous cavity 1, 3, and 5 days after the surgery. For control, only Tris buffer was injected in the same manner. The rabbits were euthanized 7 days after the surgery. Choroidal vascular casts were made and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The choriocapillaris atrophy was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis of photographs of the choriocapillaries. The area of the choriocapillaris and number of intercapillary spaces in the choriocapillaris that corresponded to the density of the capillary network were measured. RESULTS: The average area of the choriocapillaris in the eyes treated with 1 microg/0.1 ml of basic fibroblast growth factor was significantly larger at 75.1 +/- 3.0% than that in the control eyes at 67.2 +/- 5.6% (P =.021). The average area of the choriocapillaris in the 0.1 microg/0.1 ml of basic fibroblast growth factor group was not statistically different from the control. The number of intercapillary spaces of the choriocapillaris was 132 +/- 12 in the 0.1 microg/0.1 ml of basic fibroblast growth factor group, 124 +/- 46 in the 1 microg/0.1 ml of basic fibroblast growth factor group, and 75 +/- 14 in the control group. The higher number of spaces in the treated group was statistically significant (P =.026). CONCLUSIONS: Basic fibroblast growth factor decreased the atrophy of the choriocapillaris after removal of the retinal pigment epithelium in rabbit eyes. These results suggest that basic fibroblast growth factor may play a role in the survival of the choriocapillaris in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Two patterns of opacity in corneal dystrophy caused by the homozygous BIG-H3 R124H mutation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the opacity pattern in corneas with an Arg124His (R124H) homozygous mutation of the BIG-H3 gene. METHODS: Slit-lamp examination was performed on eight patients with corneal dystrophy resulting from a genetically confirmed BIG-H3 R124H homozygous mutation. The birthplace of each patient also was determined. RESULTS: Slit-lamp examination disclosed two types of opacity patterns in corneas with the BIG-H3 R124H homozygous mutation. Type I (n = 4) is a spot-like opacity present in the anterior stroma in which the lesions are confluent. Type I is the same pattern that previous reports have shown to be caused by the BIG-H3 R124H homozygous mutation. The type II corneal opacity pattern (n = 4) is a reticular opacity in the anterior stroma with round translucent spaces. Type II opacity has not been reported previously in association with any corneal dystrophy. The patients with the type I opacity do not share a common birthplace; however, interestingly, the patients with the type II opacity traced their origin to Tottori prefecture in western Japan. CONCLUSION: The BIG-H3 homozygous R124H mutation induces the development of two distinct patterns of corneal opacity, the recognition of which can establish an accurate diagnosis of corneal dystrophy caused by the homozygous BIG-H3 R124H mutation independent of genetic analysis. In addition, genetic factors or circumstantial influences other than the gene responsible for the corneal dystrophy may influence the pattern of corneal opacity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of nuclear sclerosis after nonvitrectomizing vitreous surgery.

PURPOSE: Nuclear sclerosis develops frequently after successful pars plana vitrectomy. We evaluated changes in the degree of nuclear sclerosis after nonvitrectomizing vitreous surgery for idiopathic epimacular proliferation. METHODS: Forty-one consecutive patients (41 eyes) underwent removal of idiopathic epimacular proliferation by nonvitrectomizing vitreous surgery and were followed postoperatively for at least 12 months. Visual acuity, refractive error, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and Scheimpflug photographs were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively to evaluate changes in the degree of lenticular opacification. Quantitative analysis of the nuclear sclerosis was performed by densitometry with Scheimpflug photographs performed on only the last 21 patients. We evaluated these measurements by comparing statistically the preoperative and postoperative difference between both eyes (operative eye minus nonoperative ocular data). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the progression of nuclear sclerosis or degree of myopic shift between the operated and fellow eyes during postoperative follow-up (mean +/- SD, 22 +/- 8 months; median, 22 months; range, 12 to 48 months). The average preoperative and postoperative refractive errors in operated eyes were 0.0 +/- 2.4 diopters and 0.1 +/- 2.5 diopters, respectively; the average difference in the refractive errors between both eyes was -0.2 +/- 0.7 diopter preoperatively and -0.2 +/- 0.9 diopter postoperatively (P =.961, paired t test). The average preoperative and postoperative nuclear density values by Scheimpflug photography in 21 operated eyes were, respectively, 72 +/- 18 nuclear density units and 75 +/- 17 nuclear density units; the average difference in nuclear density values between both eyes was -1 +/- 4 nuclear density units preoperatively and 0 +/- 6 nuclear density units postoperatively (P =.631, paired t test). CONCLUSION: Progression of nuclear sclerotic cataract based on changes in refractive error and Scheimpflug photography was not observed after nonvitrectomizing vitreous surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the peripheral visual field after foveal translocation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the peripheral visual field after foveal translocation with scleral imbrication or 360-degree retinotomy. METHODS: Retrospective, single-center, nonrandomized study. We calculated the rate of preservation of the peripheral visual field using Goldmann perimetry by dividing the width of the postoperative V-4 isopter by the preoperative width and expressing the result as a percentage. RESULTS: In nine eyes that underwent scleral imbrication, the rate of preservation was 100.0% superiorly, 102.6% superotemporally, 99.9% temporally, 97.9% inferotemporally, 96.9% inferiorly, 82.3% inferonasally, 93.7% nasally, and 87.3% superonasally. In 33 eyes that underwent 360-degree retinotomy, it was 89.1%, 87.0%, 81.9%, 78.1%, 86.6%, 90.0%, 89.9%, and 86.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: After foveal translocation with scleral imbrication, the peripheral visual field was preserved except for slight narrowing nasally; 360-degree retinotomy resulted in preservation of the visual field, except for slight narrowing in all meridians.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of three techniques of foveal translocation in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization resulting from age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To report the results of three methods of foveal translocation in the presence of subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane resulting from age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: We treated 51 eyes of 51 consecutive patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes resulting from age-related macular degeneration with one of three techniques of foveal translocation surgery: foveal translocation with partial retinotomy (n = 6), limited translocation (n = 9), and translocation with 360-degree retinotomy (n = 36). All patients were followed for at least 6 months postoperatively. The size of the choroidal neovascular membrane and the amount of foveal displacement, the best-corrected visual acuity, and complications were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean distance of the foveal translocation was greater in the 360-degree retinotomy group (3340 microm) than in the partial retinotomy (1060 microm, P <.001) and the limited translocation groups (1120 microm, P <.001). A final visual acuity of 20/200 or better was achieved in two eyes (33%) in the partial retinotomy group, seven eyes (78%) in the limited translocation group, and 23 eyes (64%) in the 360-degree retinotomy group. The final visual acuity improved by 0.2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) unit or more in one eye (17%), one eye (11%), and seven eyes (19%), respectively. The final visual acuity was maintained within 1 line in zero eyes, five eyes (56%), and 19 eyes (53%), respectively. A retinal detachment developed postoperatively in five eyes (83%), zero eyes (0%), and 15 eyes (42%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of patients improved or maintained best-corrected visual acuity after translocation with 360-degree retinotomy, and limited translocation, whereas translocation with 360-degree retinotomy is suitable for larger choroidal neovascular membranes because it resulted in the greatest foveal displacement among the three translocation procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Factors that influence the surgical effects of astigmatic keratotomy after cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors affecting the surgical effect of astigmatic keratotomy (AK) when against-the-rule astigmatism is present following cataract surgery. DESIGN: Prospective interventional noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty eyes of 19 patients from four medical centers who had against-the-rule astigmatism following cataract surgery. INTERVENTION: AK with a 6 mm optical zone, two linear 3-mm length incisions (T-cut) and a depth of 90% of the central thickness was performed on all subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Vector analysis of astigmatic correction. Multiple regression analysis for seven covariates including age, spherical equivalent of the manifest refraction, preoperative astigmatism, corneal diameter, corneal thickness, mean radius of corneal curvature and axial misalignment. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the preoperative astigmatism (p = 0.014) and the axis deviation (p = 0.005) were significantly correlated with the surgical effects. CONCLUSIONS: Even with a uniform surgical procedure, the surgical effects of AK in eyes with against-the-rule astigmatism can be affected by the amount of preoperative astigmatism and the intraoperative axis misalignment. Adding the amount of preoperative astigmatism to the nomogram and improvement of surgical procedures will be required to obtain better surgical predictability of AK following cataract surgery.

Aged↗