Fine structure of sense organs on the antennal pedicel and scape of the male cockroach, Periplaneta americana.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
Y Toh
Publications and source records attributed to Y Toh.
Fine structure of the ocellus of the hydromedusan, Spirocodon saltatrix. I. Receptor cells.
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Animals↗
[Quantitative measurements of vocal fold vibration. An ultra-high-speed cinematographic investigation of normal subjects (author's transl)].
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Adult↗
Fine structure of the eyes of orb-weavers, Argiope amoena L. Koch (Aranea: Argiopidae). 2. The anterolateral, posterolateral and posterommedial eyes.
The anterolateral eye, the posterolateral eye and the posteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dioptric apparatus of all three eyes is similar in structure, and consists of a cornea, a lens and a vitreous body. The retina contains monopolar receptor cells, the cell bodies of which are present beneath the vitreous body in all three eyes. Proximal processes of the receptor cells form rhabdoms beneath the cell body layer and then extend toward the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve. Two distinct patterns of retinal organization are present in the three eyes. In one type the rhabdomic layer of the retina is backed by a pigmented layer. In the other type the rhabdomic layer is backed by a tapetal reflecting layer. Rhabdomic structure and cytoplasmic inclusions of the receptor cells differ greatly between the two types. The anterolateral eye possesses a single type of retina with the rhabdoms backed by the tapetum. Both the posterolateral and the posteromedial eye are similar in structure, each possessing beneath the common dioptric apparatus retinae of both types.
Animals↗
Fine structure of the eyes of orb-weavers, Argiope amoena L. Koch (araneae: argiopidae). 1. The anteromedial eyes.
The anteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena has been examined with light and electron microscopy. The eye consists of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous body and a retina. The retina contains 400 to 500 bipolar photoreceptor cells and pigment ce-ls which envelop the receptor cells. Microvilli extend laterally from the distal process of each receptor cell beneath the vitreous body. The microvilli interdigitate with those from neighboring processes to form rhabdoms. Multivesicular bodies occur in the rhabdomeric portion, and in an intermediate segment, between the rhabdomeric portion and the receptor cell body, are found mixed lamellar vesicular bodies and lamellar bodies. A single axon extends from the receptor cell. The site of origin of the axon from the cell varies depending on the location of the cell in the retina. The axon originates on the intermediate segment, or on the lateral surface or proximal end of the cell body. The axons join together in the postero-dorsal region of the eye and then extend to the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve of about 3 mm in length. The pigment cells, whose cell bodies lie among those of the receptor cells or the axons, possess cytoplasmic prolongations which reach up to the vitreous body.
Animals↗
Fine structure of antennal sense organs of the male cockroach, Periplaneta americana.
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Animals↗
Synaptic organization of the fleshfly ocellus.
The synaptic organization of the fleshfly (Boettcherisca peregrina) ocellus has been studied by transmission electron microscropy. Three types of neuronal element are recognized in the ocellus: (1) 70-100 retinula axons (2) four thick ocellar nerve fibres and(3) several thin ocellar nerve fibres. Synaptic connections accompanied by characteristic presynaptic ribbons have been found between these three elements in five combinations. Four of these are numerous (retinula axons symapsing onto thick ocellar nerve fibres or onto thin ocellar fibres; thin ocellar nerve fibres synapsing onto thick ocellar nerve fibres or onto other thin ocellar fibres). On or two of the thin ocellar nerve fibres are mainly presynaptic elements. The remaining thin fibres are both pre-and postsynaptic. These observations suggest that the thick ocellar nerve fibres are afferent and at least one or two of the thin ocellar nerve fibres are efferent. The function of the remaining thin fibres is not known. The fifth combination is a feedback synapse from thin ocellar nerve fibres onto retinula oxons. In addition, neuro-glial synapses have been found between thin ocellar nerve fibres and glial cells. The latter two combinations are less common and may provide alternative neuronal pathways for processingocellar input.
Animals↗
Lymph node metastasis and recurrence in patients with a carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent three-field dissection.
The indication, efficacy, and extent of extended lymphadenectomy for a carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus remain controversial and under clinical investigation. Here we report the frequency and mode of lymph node metastasis at operation and of lymph node recurrence after operation in 70 patients who underwent three-field dissection and 75.7% of whom suffered from metastasis or recurrence in the lymph nodes (metastasis in 71.4% and recurrence in 21.4%). Metastasis or recurrence in the cervical and cervicothoracic nodes were found in 18.6% and 41.4%, respectively. The frequency of cervical and cervicothoracic lymph node metastasis or recurrence was, respectively, 40.0% and 90.0% for a carcinoma in the upper thoracic esophagus, 21.6% and 37.8% for a carcinoma in the middle thoracic esophagus, and 4.3% and 26.1% for a carcinoma in the lower thoracic esophagus. Lymph node metastasis at operation was most frequently found in the right recurrent nerve nodes, right paracardiac nodes, periesophageal nodes, and lesser curvature nodes, whereas lymph node recurrence after operation was found in the left upper recurrent nerve nodes and the right supraclavicular, celiac, and abdominal paraaortic nodes. Metastasis or recurrence was rarely found in the internal jugular, pretracheal, greater curvature, common hepatic, or splenic nodes. This finding suggests the need for recurrent nerve node dissection for all cases and for three-field dissection for a carcinoma in the upper or middle thoracic esophagus.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
Operative procedures of reconstruction after resection of esophageal cancer and the postoperative quality of life.
To investigate the influence of the operative procedures of reconstruction after resection of esophageal cancer on the postoperative quality of life, an interview was conducted and subjective and objective factors related to the quality of life were evaluated in 50 patients without a recurrence of esophageal cancer. Among the 50 cases, reconstruction by the antethoracal route was performed in 9 (group I) and by the retrosternal route in 24 (group II). Intrathoracic anastomosis was done in 17 (group III). A postoperative disturbance of the food passage was seen 22.0, 41.6, and 5.9% in groups I, II, and III, respectively. Dumping symptom was evident 11.1, 12.5, and 11.8%, respectively. Heartburn was seen only in two cases, in group III. A body weight loss of more than 1.0 kg from preoperative weight was seen in 33.3, 41.7, and 41.2% of groups I, II, and III, respectively. There was no difference in the postoperative performance status or laboratory data among the groups. Thus, although intrathoracic anastomosis was favorable for postoperative food passage, there was no significant difference in any other factors in the quality of life among the routes of reconstruction, and the quality of life gradually improved in patients of all groups as postoperative time passed in the cases without postoperative recurrence of esophageal cancer.
Esophageal Neoplasms↗
Endosonography for preoperative staging of specific nodal groups associated with esophageal cancer.
The results of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), used preoperatively in 74 endoscopically evaluable patients, were compared with the histopathology after subsequent total esophagectomy with radical lymphadenectomy involving a three-field dissection of the lower cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal nodes. Patients with obstruction to endoscopy were excluded from this study. Overall accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 87%, 90%, and 37%, respectively. EUS has an accuracy of more than 80% for detecting metastatic nodes in the cervical paraesophageal, supraclavicular, right recurrent laryngeal, left paratracheal, upper and lower paraesophageal, infraaortic, infracarinal, and lower posterior mediastinal regions. Its sensitivity is highest for cervical and upper thoracic paraesophageal, infracarinal, left paratracheal, and recurrent laryngeal nodes. Accuracy is maximum for periesophageal nodes and varies inversely with the axial distance of the nodes from the esophageal axis. We recommend that EUS be used routinely for preoperative assessment of the cervical and mediastinal nodal status.
Esophageal Neoplasms↗
Pattern of recurrence after extended radical esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection for squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus.
Factors responsible for recurrence of esophageal cancer were investigated in 90 patients who underwent extended radical esophagectomy with three-field dissection for a squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus. The initial tumor recurrence was grouped as either locoregional (site of the primary tumor, anastomotic site, or lymph nodes) or as distant (distant organs, pleura, or peritoneum). Nineteen patients (21%) developed a locoregional recurrence, and 19 (21%) developed a distant recurrence. One (1%) developed both recurrences simultaneously and was classified as a distant recurrence. The locoregional recurrence was correlated with the stage factors, particularly the number of metastasis-positive nodes. For the distant recurrence, vascular invasion was found to have been the most important prognostic factor. Our findings suggested that locoregional recurrence was due to tumor progress related to the extent of lymph node metastasis, whereas distant recurrence was due to the oncologic behavior of the tumor. Locoregional recurrence in patients with limited disease may be reduced by extended radical esophagectomy with three-field dissection. Distant recurrence cannot be controlled by surgery. Adopted postoperative adjuvant therapies showed no effect on recurrence.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
cDNA cloning, tissue distribution, and subcellular localization of horseshoe crab big defensin.
A full-length cDNA for horseshoe crab big defensin with a strong antimicrobial activity was obtained from a hemocyte cDNA library. The open reading frame of the cDNA coded for an NH2-terminal signal sequence followed by a propeptide and the mature big defensin. The propeptide is linked to the mature protein through an -Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg- motif, the processing site for Kex2-like proteases. Northern blot analysis revealed that big defensin is expressed in all the tissues tested, suggesting that big defensin plays an important role not only in hemocytes but also in other tissues for host defense. The subcellular localization, determined by immunocytochemistry at ultrastructural level, confirmed the previous findings obtained by biochemical analysis that big defensin locates in both small and large granules in hemocytes. Big defensin is the first example to demonstrate the existence of broad tissue distribution in horseshoe crab.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Predictive value of intracellular ATP level for cell viability after heating in malignant cells.
An adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay is known to be a useful chemosensitivity test, which correctly reflects cell viability. We investigated the usefulness of ATP assay as a thermosensitivity test by comparing two world-wide accepted assays which included a succinate dehydrogenase (SD) assay and a colony assay. We exposed KSE-1 and KSE-2 cell lines to various degrees of hyperthermia at 42, 43 and 44 degrees C for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively. The ATP activity for the KSE-1 and KSE-2 cell lines was 2.0 and 0.7% in change of cell viability after heating at 44 degrees C for 4 h, respectively. Colony formation rates in the KSE-1 and KSE-2 cell lines were 0.9 and 0%, respectively, whereas the SD activity of each cell line was 24.1 and 22.8%. As a whole, the ATP assay showed a closer correlation to the colony assay than the SD assay because the latter revealed a more than 20% pseudo-viability due to the response between the base and residual enzyme even after the cells had died. Thus, the ATP assay was judged to be more sensitive than the SD assay; it was also quicker than the colony assay in evaluating cell viability after heating. We propose that the ATP assay should be included as another useful thermosensitivity test for malignant cells.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Relationship between the expression of HLA-DR antigen and the effectiveness of preoperative hyperthermo-chemo-radiotherapy in oesophageal cancer.
Based on the hypothesis that tumour cells expressing HLA-DR antigen would easily be damaged by the local immune response during preoperative treatments, the relationship was investigated between the expression of HLA-DR antigen in the oesophageal cancer and the effectiveness of the preoperative treatment. Immunohistochemical staining for the detection of HLA-DR antigen in cancer cells from biopsy specimens obtained before undergoing preoperative hyperthermo-chemo-radiotherapy (HCR therapy) in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma was performed, and the relationship between the expression of HLA-DR antigen and the effectiveness of HCR therapy was evaluated according to a histopathologic examination of resected specimen. A total of 35 cases were examined in which 14 showed strongly positive staining (+2), 14 weakly positive staining (+) and seven negative staining (-). No significant differences in the clinicopathologic factors between the groups were observed. In the 14 strongly positive HLA-DR antigen cases, nine were markedly effective (grade 3) (64.3%), four were moderately effective (grade 2) (28.6%) and one was slightly effective or ineffective (grade 1, 0) (7.1%). In the 14 weakly positive HLA-DR antigen cases, the markedly, moderately and slightly or ineffective cases numbered four (28.6%), eight (57.1%) and two (14.3%), respectively. On the other hand, in the seven patients showing no HLA-DR expression, the markedly, moderately and slightly effective cases numbered one (14.3%), two (28.6%) and four (57.1%), respectively. A statistical difference was observed between the cases of strongly positive and negative staining for HLA-DR antigen (p < 0.05). The expression of HLA-DR antigen in oesophageal cancer cells is thus considered to potentially be a valuable factor for predicting the effectiveness of preoperative treatment.
Aged↗
Platelet aggregability and the occurrence of anastomotic leakage after esophageal reconstruction.
In 21 patients who had undergone resection and reconstruction for esophageal carcinoma, the postoperative platelet aggregability was measured and the correlation between the occurrence of anastomotic leakage and platelet aggregability was investigated. There was no statistical difference in the clinical features of the patients between those with (n = 5) and without (n = 16) anastomotic leakage. Platelet aggregability was measured by the turbidimetric method from blood samples taken preoperatively, and at 1, 3, and 7 postoperative days (POD). The average values of platelet aggregability in patients without anastomotic leakage were 81.2, 70.4, 80.1, and 81.8%, while those with leakage were 81.3, 47.6, 52.3, 70.6% preoperatively, and 1, 3, and 7 POD, respectively. Thus, platelet aggregability significantly decreased in patients with anastomotic leakage on the first postoperative day (p < .05), and then gradually recovered postoperatively as time passed. Therefore, the measurement of platelet aggregability is considered to be one of the parameters predicting the occurrence of anastomotic leakage, and a prevention in the decrease of platelet aggregability as well as its activation could become a treatment for preventing anastomotic leakage.
Aged↗
Significance of p53 protein expression in growth pattern of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
The significance of intraepithelial carcinoma concomitant with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma during carcinogenesis and progression of the tumor has been discussed diversely. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the relation between p53 protein expression and the growth pattern of the squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus with attention to coexistence of intraepithelial carcinoma. Seventy cases with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus surgically resected without preoperative adjuvant therapy, including 49 cases with intraepithelial carcinoma contiguous to the invasive lesion, were analyzed immunohistochemically for p53 expression. Positive immunoreactivity of p53 was found in 36 (51.4%) of 70 cases. The frequency of p53 protein expression in cases with intraepithelial carcinoma (65.3%; 32/49) was significantly higher than that (19.0%; 4/21) in cases without intraepithelial carcinoma (p<0.001). The value of invasion coefficient, which indicates a ratio of the area of invasive cancerous lesion occupied in the whole lesion, in the cases with p53 protein expression was significantly smaller than that in the cases without p53 protein expression (p<0.001). In conclusion, p53 protein expression was found to be significantly related to the coexistence and spreading of intraepithelial carcinoma contiguous to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
HLA-DR antigen expression in squamous epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: an immunohistochemical study.
To clarify the biologic significance of esophageal squamous epithelial dysplasia, especially the similarity to carcinoma in situ, immunohistochemical investigation of HLA-DR antigen expression and lymphocyte infiltration was performed. HLA-DR antigen was expressed in 12 of the 35 invasive carcinomas (34.4%), 23 of the 38 intraepithelial carcinomas (60.5%), 21 of the 50 areas of dysplasia (42.0%) and only 2 of the 625 specimens of non-cancerous squamous epithelium (0.3%). The HLA-DR-positive rate of dysplasia localized continuous to HLA-DR-positive carcinoma was 68.4%, which was significantly higher than that for HLA-DR positive dysplasia localized continuous to HLA-DR negative cancer (11.1%) (p<0.05). In areas of dysplasia and intraepithelial carcinoma, T cell infiltration was significantly increased at the sites of HLA-DR antigen expression (P<0.01). B cell infiltration was also more common in areas of positive expression. These results suggest that HLA-DR antigen is associated with the local immune response to squamous epithelial dysplasia, and that HLA-DR antigen expression may prevent tumor invasion similarly to its role in intraepithelial carcinoma.
Adult↗
Pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymphoid stroma.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lymphocyte infiltration in esophageal cancer, especially when beneath intraepithelial carcinoma, is frequently seen. However, cases of esophageal cancer with a dense stromal infiltration of lymphocytes are rare and the pathogenesis of such cases has yet to be clearly demonstrated. The objective of this study is to clarify its pathogenesis. METHODOLOGY: Four cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymphoid stroma were investigated by immunohistochemical staining for the detection of Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, human leukocyte antigen-DR, as well as T and B cells in cancer tissue. RESULTS: In these four cases, neither positive staining of Epstein-Barr virus nor human papillomavirus infection was detected. On the other hand, the expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR antigen was evident in all cases with dense T-cell infiltration in the tumor tissue and moderate B-cell infiltration around the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR antigen without Epstein-Barr virus or human papillomavirus infection could thus be one possible pathogenesis of patients demonstrating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with a lymphoid stroma.
Aged↗