Separating microbial signal from noise.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
Yan Shao
Publications and source records attributed to Yan Shao.
Investigation of associations between the neonatal gut microbiota and severe viral lower respiratory tract infections in the first 2 years of life: a birth cohort study with metagenomics.
BACKGROUND: Early-life gut microbiota affects immune system development, including the lung immune response (gut-lung axis). We aimed to investigate whether gut microbiota composition in neonates in the first week of life is associated with hospital admissions for viral lower respiratory tract infections (vLRTIs). METHODS: The Baby Biome Study (BBS) is a prospective birth cohort, which enrolled mother-baby pairs between Jan 1, 2016, and Dec 31, 2017, at three UK hospitals. In the present study, we only included BBS babies with a sequenced first-week stool sample and successful data linkage. Stool was collected in the first week of life for shotgun-metagenomic sequencing. We examined the following microbiota features: alpha diversity (Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices) and community structures (cluster-partitioning against medoids method). The participants were followed up through linkage to the Hospital Episode Statistics-Admitted Patient Care (HES-APC) database to determine vLRTI hospital admission incidence in the first 2 years of life. We used Poisson mixed-effects models for univariable and multivariable analyses to evaluate the association between microbiota features and vLRTI hospital admission incidence, adjusting for confounders identified through direct acyclic graphs. FINDINGS: 3305 (95%) of the 3476 BBS-enrolled babies for whom consent to data linkage was obtained were included in the present study. 1111 (34%) babies had a first-week sequenced stool sample, of whom 1082 (97%; 564 born vaginally and 518 born by caesarean section) were successfully linked to HES-APC, and had median follow-up of 2·0 years (IQR 1·4-2·9). Most babies were born at term (996 [92%] ≥37 weeks gestational age and 1070 [99%] >35 weeks gestational age) and healthy (1050 [97%] had no comorbidities), and 520 (48%) were female and 562 (52%) were male. Higher first-week gut microbiota alpha diversity was associated with reduced rates of vLRTI hospital admission (Chao1 Index adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·92 [95% CI 0·85-0·99]; Shannon Index adjusted HR 0·57 [0·33-0·98]; and Simpson Index adjusted HR 0·36 [0·11-1·20]). Three microbiota clusters were identified. Cluster 1 had a mixed composition and cluster 2 was dominated by Bifidobacterium breve, with both clusters observed in babies born vaginally and by caesarean section. Cluster 3 was found only in vaginally born babies and was dominated by Bifidobacterium longum. Having cluster 1 (mixed) or cluster 2 (B breve dominated) was independently associated with increased rates of vLRTI hospital admission compared with cluster 3 (B longum dominated; cluster 1 [mixed] 3·05 [1·25-7·41] and cluster 2 [B breve dominated] 2·80 [1·06-7·44]). INTERPRETATION: We report observational evidence that first-week gut microbiota differences are associated with clinically severe vLRTI in young children. This study identified bacterial species that could be of interest for vLRTI prevention. This finding has important implications for the design of future research and intervention strategies. FUNDING: The Wellcome Trust and Wellcome Sanger Institute core funding.
Humans↗
[Study on reflux esophagitis treated by Tongjiang granule].
OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of Tongjiang granule on treating GERD. METHOD: The rats in the model group received steel wire ring-cardiamyopexy. A steel wire ring was fixed firmly on cardia. The rats in the control group underwent the cardia-plasty plus pylori ligation plus stomach-empty intestine Roux-en-Y anastomosis. The rats were divided into six groups after operations at random, which were fed up respectively with Tongjiang granule of different dosage and perpulsid. No treatment groups were taken as control. RESULT: The experiment showed that Tongjiang granule could lighten or cure RE in the pathology, decrease the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, in the meantime, increase the motilin in the animal blood. This study indicated that the effect of Tongjiang granule group from experimental research was better than that of the control group (perpulsid). CONCLUSION: The effects of Tongjiang granule on treating GERD can be achieved by decreasing the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, increasing the motilin in blood and promoting the gastric impetus in the animal experiment.
Animals↗
[Association of plasma homocysteine and cystathionine beta-synthase polymorphism with cerebral thrombosis].
OBJECTIVE: To study the association of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and polymorphism and cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) with cerebral thrombosis. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients with first-ever acute cerebral thrombosis and 80 control subjects were examined for plasma Hcy levels using high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection and for CBS polymorphism determined by amplification refractory mutation system. RESULTS: The fasting plasma Hcy level was l5.28 micromol/L (95% CI 14.37-16.19 micromol/L) in the patient group, higher than that in the control group (11.32 micromol/L, 95% C1 10.47-12.16 micromol/L, P<0.001). Plasma Hcy levels varied with different genotypes. No difference in genotype or allele frequencies was noted between patient group and control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Common mutations in CBS G919A and CBS T833C lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, which, instead of common mutations in CBS, is more directly associated with increased risk of cerebral thrombosis.
Adult↗
[Observe the dissection of the tunnels of augmentation rhinoplasty under endoscope].
OBJECTIVE: To observe and analyse the dissection of the tunnels in traditional blind operation of augmentation rhinoplasty. METHODS: 11 Cases of augmentation rhinoplasty were collected and be observed by an endoscope as soon as the tunnels were formed during the operations. RESULTS: (1) Some of the tunnels did not go through one layer. (2) The bilateral cartilage separated in the mid-line. (3) There were two blood vessels in the surface of alar cartilage. There were perforating blood vessels in the edge of pyriform aperture. (4) In some cases whose incision were in unilateral alar margin, the tunnel were asymmetric. CONCLUSION: In some cases of traditional blind operation of augmentation rhinoplasty, tunnels were not suitable, they were asymmetric; and there were desmo and septa in the tunnels. Those might be the causes of complications post-op of augmentation rhinoplasty.
Endoscopes↗
[Endoscope-assisted parotidectomy for benign tumors via a short hidden auricular incision].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a technique of endoscope-assisted parotidectomy for benign tumor via a short hidden auricular incision. METHODS: Twenty-six volunteer patients were selected for the new approach, 16 with mixed tumor, 9 Warthin's tumor and 1 lymphoepithelial cyst. The tumor size was 1.6 approximately 3 cm (average 2.2 cm) and the incision ranged 3.5 approximately 5.5 cm(average 4.5cm) divided into two parts: 1) basic segment--started from anterio-superior crease of tragus, went downward along tragal margin and pre-earlobial fold,and stopped at earlobe root; 2) extended segment--went from earlobe root, curved down posterio-inferiorly. The length of the latter was generally not beyond 1 cm. The procedure began with raising the myo-cutaneous flap and dissecting the whole posterior portion of the gland. Thus, two working spaces needed for endoscopic manipulation could be artificially created with suitable retracting instruments. Endoscopic view was then established, and the surgeons operated continuously in the later steps. Modified techniques, such as the antegrade facial nerve dissection, retrograde great auricular nerve dissection and direct coagulate-cut method with ultrasonically activated scalpel, were employed to archive the goals of endoscopical nerve preservation and tissue resection. RESULTS: All tumors were entirely removed. No postoperative paralysis occurred, excepting 1 case who suffered from an temporary paralysis for two months. The appearance was good due to overlapping the short scar onto the irregular line of auricular contour and hiding its lowest part in the earlobe shadow. CONCLUSIONS: Parotidectomy for benign tumors could be safely done via a much-shortened incision, assisted by an endoscope. The postoperative stress of patients can be obviously reduced with the minimally invasive manipulation and the good appearance.
Adenolymphoma↗
Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver among administrative officers in Shanghai: an epidemiological survey.
AIM: To determine the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in a specific population in Shanghai by an epidemiological survey, and to analyze risk factors of fatty liver. METHODS: Total 4009 administrative officers who denied regular alcohol drinking participated in the survey, and underwent physical examination and laboratory tests. The important parameters were body mass index (BMI), waist hip circumferences ratio (WHR) and levels of serum lipids. Diagnosis of fatty liver was based on established real-time ultrasonographic criteria, the presence of an ultrasonographic pattern consistent with "bright liver", with evident ultrasonographic contrast between hepatic and renal parenchyma, vessel blurring, and narrowing of the lumen of the hepatic veins. Analysis of data was performed through SPSS for Windows statistical package. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of fatty liver was 12.9 %, 15.8 % in males and 7.5 % in females, and the prevalence of fatty liver in males younger than 50 years old, was significantly higher (13.3 %) than that of in females (2.7 %). But the difference between the sexes became less significant in people older than 50 years (19.1 % vs 18.1 %). The prevalence of fatty liver was increased with age; this was markedly presented in females younger than 50 years. Multiple variant regression analysis demonstrated that the prevalence of fatty liver was positively correlated to several risk factors, including male, aging (>50yr), hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus, hypertension and overweight/obesity. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver among certain population in Shanghai, to which overweight and hyperlipidemia are closely relevant.
Adult↗
[Early diagnosis and treatment of intracranial venous thrombosis].
OBJECTIVE: To study the early diagnosis and treatment of intracranial venous thrombosis. METHOD: The etiology, clinical manifestations, presentations in cerebral CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG) features, and the results of cerebral spinal fluid and blood rheological examinations were analyzed in 8 cases of intracranial venous thrombosis. RESULTS: Thrombosis often arose during the puerperium and from infection, with the frequent presentations of intracranial hypertension and focal neurological defect. CT and MRI examinations were helpful in the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: For patients who present both intracranial hypertension and focal neurological defects, especially during the puerperium or with infection episodes, CT and MRI examinations should be performed to detect intracranial venous thrombosis.
Adolescent↗
[Using ultrasonically activated scalpels as major instrument for vessel dividing and bleeding control in minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy].
OBJECTIVE: To establish new techniques on the control of vessel dividing and bleeding in minimally invasive video-assisted thyroid surgeries. METHODS: One hundred and seventy volunteer patients with nodular goiter, adenoma and Graves' disease consecutively received the endoscopic thyroid operation according to Miccoli's mode from April 2002 to June 2003. The approach was designed to use ultrasonically activated scalpels [Harmonic Scalpel (R), Johnson & Johnson, USA] as a major, suction-dissector or others as supplementary instruments during the whole process. During the operations, two methods, "sequenced dissect-coagulate-cut" and "pre-coagulation + interlaced cut-suck-coagulate-dissect", were employed and separately evaluated for their safety or efficacy. RESULTS: All of the procedures, except that 2 (their lesions were proven to be "cancer" by frozen section and need different treatment), were successfully completed. None of them were interrupted and converted to open surgery due to uncontrolled bleeding or severe postoperative hematoma. Branches of major thyroid vessels can be directly divided by ultrasonic scalpel without ligation or using hemoclips, supposing the technique of "sequenced dissect-coagulate-cut" method was strictly used. Bleeding during intra-gland dissection can be effectively controlled by the combined techniques of precoagulation of the vessels and the capsule vessel network near and around the incision, and then, by coordinating manipulation with a special multiple functional ultrasonic scalpel and a suction-dissector, supposing the technique of "interlaced cut-suck-coagulate-dissect" was properly employed. CONCLUSIONS: Using ultrasonic scalpels as major, suction-dissector or others as supplementary instruments, manipulating cooperatively during the whole process, can be an ideal fashion in the site of a narrow gasless working space via a small single incision in anterio-inferior neck. And this may dramatically simplify the manipulation, and hence greatly reduce the operative difficulty. The reforms resolved two key technique problems in Miccoli's endoscopic operation: vessel-dividing and bleeding-control, therefore, laying a sound basis for the clinical application of this special approach.
Adolescent↗
[Effects of transfer growth factor beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and neutral lipids on biological behaviors of L-02 cell lines].
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Cell Line↗