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Biomedical subjects

Yang Wu

Publications and source records attributed to Yang Wu.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Clinical analysis of 1018 cases of coronary artery bypass grafting].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze retrospectively 1018 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) in order to summarize surgical techniques and clinical outcome. METHODS: From 1997 through 2004, data of same surgeon for 508 patients who underwent conventional coronary artery bypass surgery on pump (CCABG) and 510 patients who underwent off-pump CABG (OPCAB) were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Eight hundred and fifty-two patients had unstable angina, 582 patients were over 60 years old (57.2%) and 784 patients had concomitant diseases including valve lesion, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, left ventricular aneurysm with septal defect, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, renal failure and cancer. A hundred and fifty-six patients had left main stem (LIMS) stenosis and 671 patients, triple-vessel disease. RESULTS: Total mortality was 0.39% (4-case death) and morbidity, 1.6% (sternal dehiscence, stroke and mediastinitis). The grafts per patient with CCABG and OPCAB were 3.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.4. Left internal mammary artery use was 93.8% of the patients, 29 patients were implanted intra-aortic balloon pump intraoperatively. Follow-up was 4 months to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Scientific surgical strategies, excellent surgical techniques and improvement of cardiac anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass make the mortality and morbidity decrease significantly, CABG surgery is safe and effective in patients with coronary artery disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[The changes of electrocardiogram and impact of early invasive strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of electrocardiogram (ECG) and impact of early invasive strategy in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST-segment elevation. METHODS: Five hundred and forty-five consecutive ACS patients without ST-segment elevation were randomly assigned to early conservative treatment group and early invasive treatment group. The combined cardiovascular events, including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal heart failure, and re-hospitalization due to recurrent ischemia angina, within 30 days and 6 months were analyzed and the effects of varied ECG changes and different intervention strategies on outcomes of patients were evaluated. RESULTS: The incidences of each and combined cardiovascular events were higher in the patients with ST-segment depression than in those without ST-segment depression. ST-segment depression was one of independent predictive factors for an increase in cardiovascular events within 6 months (OR 3.864, 95% CI: 1.668 approximately 9.451, P < 0.001). Early invasive strategy was associated with a lower rate of re-hospitalization due to recurrent ischemia angina within 30 days and a decreased incidence of combined cardiovascular events within 30 days and 6 months in comparison with the early conservative treatment group (all P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis implied that incidences of combined cardiovascular events within 30 days and 6 months decreased significantly only in patients with ST-segment depression treated with early invasive strategy, and no such benefit was seen in the patients without ST-segment depression. CONCLUSION: ST-segment depression is an effective indicator for identifying those patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS most likely to benefit from early invasive strategy. Early invasive strategy markedly decreases the cardiovascular events in ACS patients with ST-segment depression than early conservative strategy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Ordered honeycomb-structured gold nanoparticle films with changeable pore morphology: from circle to ellipse.

Two-dimensionally ordered honeycomb structures have been prepared on dodecanethiol-capped gold nanoparticle films by blowing moist air across the surface of the nanoparticle solution. The pore morphology can be altered from circle to ellipse with tunable aspect ratios by carefully controlling the direction and velocity of airflow. The formation mechanisms of different surface morphologies have been discussed in terms of the surface and interfacial tension.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Small-volume rapid-mix device for subsecond kinetic analysis in flow cytometry.

BACKGROUND: Rapid-mix flow cytometry has emerged as a powerful tool for mechanistic analysis of ligand binding, cell response, and molecular assembly. Although progress has come from improving sample delivery capabilities, little attention has been paid to the volumetric requirements associated with precious biological reagents. METHODS: By using programmable syringes, valves, and other fluidic components, we created a modular, precisely regulated rapid-mix device for the delivery of small-volume samples to the flow cytometer. The device was tested using a bead-based assay in which the binding kinetics between native biotin and fluorescein biotin-bearing beads were characterized. RESULTS: Bead suspensions and reagents paired in 35- to 45-microl aliquots were efficiently mixed by the device and delivered to the flow cytometer. Kinetic data associated with the fluorescein biotin beads were analyzed and used to calibrate the performance characteristics of the device in terms of sample delivery and mixing efficiency. CONCLUSION: The rapid-mix device is capable of detecting subsecond kinetics of biological reactions using microliter volume of samples. Dimensions of the device have been minimized, and the quantitative aspects of sample delivery and analysis have been optimized. Further, the modular design has been optimized for adaptation to a variety of experimental protocols.

Biotin↗
PubMed2005

DFT study on the geometric, electronic structure and Raman spectra of 5,15-diphenylporphine.

The ground state geometric, electronic structure and Raman spectra of 5,15-diphenylporphine (H(2)DPP) have been studied using B3LYP/6-31G(d) method and compared with that of well-studied free base porphine (H(2)P) and meso-tetraphenylporphine (H(2)TPP). Calculation shows that 5,15-substitution causes remarkable in-plane distortion, whereas the resulting out-of-plane distortion is negligible. The calculated electronic structure of H(2)DPP is consistent with the absorption spectra compared with H(2)P and H(2)TPP. The calculated vibrational frequencies of H(2)DPP scaled with a single factor of 0.971 agree well with experimental data (the rms error is 8.0 cm(-1)). The assignment of experimental Raman bands of H(2)DPP was discussed on the basis of theoretical calculation and the comparison with that of H(2)P and H(2)TPP. The splitting of some vibrational modes involving the motion of C(m) atom, such as nu(1), nu(8), and nu(10), was observed and was attributed to the diversification of the environment around C(m) atoms. As the shift of absorption peaks, the shift of some structure-sensitive Raman bands of H(2)DPP form that of H(2)TPP and H(2)P was attributed to the in-plane nuclear reorganization (IPNR) induced by phenyl-substitution, though the contribution of nonplanarity mechanism could not be excluded completely.

Hydrogen Bonding↗
PubMed2005

Synergistic anti-tumor effect of recombinant human endostatin adenovirus combined with gemcitabine.

Endostatin is an important endogenous inhibitor of neovascularization, which has been widely used in anti-angiogenesis therapy for cancer. To fully explore the potential of endostatin, we evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of the combination of recombinant human endostatin adenovirus and low-dose gemcitabine in nude mice. We injected recombinant human endostatin adenovirus intratumorally plus a low dose of gemcitabine i.p. routinely. The combination treatment produced no side-effects, and resulted in marked suppression in tumor formation and growth of established human lung carcinoma xenografts in nude mice, with decreased microvessel density and increased apoptosis percentage. Our data support the idea of synergistic anti-tumor properties of endostatin plus low-dose chemotherapy against human lung cancer in vivo.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2005

Protective effects of glycine pretreatment on brain-death donor liver.

BACKGROUND: Morphological and functional changes commonly occur in livers of brain-death donors. Prevention of liver injury from brain-death will benefit the results of transplantation. This study was conducted to evaluate the protection effects of glycine on the liver of brain-death donor. METHODS: Fourty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into brain-death donor (BDD) group (B), glycine pretreatment group with BDD (G), and strychnine pretreatment group with BDD(S). For these groups, brain death model was established in donor rats and liver transplantation was performed subsequently utilizing microsurgical techniques. After the establishment of the model and during cold rinsing of liver donors or liver reperfusion of recipients, glycine was given at a dose of 0.6 mmol, 25 micromol and 25 micromol in the group G, and a same dose of glycine and strychnine (1000 :1) was prescribed for the group S, but nothing for the group B. Before cold rinsing at 2 and 6 hours after portal vein(PV) reperfusion, blood samples were taken from infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) to determine the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and hyaluronic acid (HA). At 6 hours after PV reperfusion, graft samples were fixed for morphological observation and apoptosis of hepatocytes was detected using the TUNEL method. RESULTS: Before liver cold rinsing and at 2 and 6 hours after PV reperfusion, the serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-alpha, HA and apoptosis index (AI) in the groups B and S were significantly higher than those in the group G (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups B and S (P>0.05). Electron microscopy showed that Kupffer cells were activated and hepatic cells injured more obviously in the groups B and S than in the group G. CONCLUSION: Glycine pretreatment can improve the viability of the liver of the brain-death donor rat.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

[Expression of tumor suppressor PTEN in hypertrophy cardiomyocyte].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of tumor suppressor PTEN in cardiac hypertrophy, the expression of PTEN mRNA and protein was analyzed in the tissue of left ventricle in abdominal aorta constricted-induced cardiac hypertrophic rats which treated with and without captopril. The expression of PTEN mRNA and protein in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocyte treated with AngII was studied. METHODS: SD rats were divided into control group, hypertrophy group and captopril group. The expression of PTEN in different groups at 2 and 4 weeks after operation as well as in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocyte treated with AngII was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The localization of PTEN in left ventricle and cultured cardiomyocyte was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: (1) Compared with control group, the expressions of PTEN mRNA and protein in left ventricle of hypertrophy group as well as in cultured cardiomyocyte treated with AngII were reduced. (2) Compared with hypertrophy group, the expressions of PTEN mRNA and protein in left ventricle of captopril group were upregulated, which were similar to those of control group. (3) Positive immunohistochemical staining of PTEN was located in the nucleus of cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: PTEN may play a negative regulation role in the process of cardiac hypertrophy, and the role of PTEN may be closely related with renin-angiotensin system.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of recombinant Xenopus laevis and mouse vascular endothelial growth factors].

OBJECTIVE: To perform prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of Xenopus laevis and mouse vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). METHODS: The prokaryotic expression vectors were constructed by restriction endonuclease digestion and ligation, then the recombinant vector pET-xVEGF and the control vector pET-mVEGF were identified by restriction enzymatic digestion and DNA sequencing. The confirmed vectors were transformed into Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3) and recombinant protein expression was induced by Isopropy-beta-D-thiogalactoside. The recombinant xVEGF and mVEGF were obtained and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography under denature conditions and enterokinase specific digestion, respectively. Finally, the purified proteins' molecular weights and specificity were detected by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. RESULTS: Two new recombinant expression vectors, pET-xVEGF and pET-mVEGF, were constructed successfully. The xVEGF and mVEGF fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli. BL21 (DE3) stably, and the molecular weights of the purified xVEGF and mVEGF were identical to the expected values. The purity of final products reached a level higher than 95%. In addition, these two purified proteins could react with a specific antibody against mouse VEGF as expected. CONCLUSION: Recombinant Xenopus laevis VEGF and its control mouse VEGF protein may provide tools for further study of anti-tumor active immunity with this xenogeneic protein vaccine in mouse tumor models.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Parotid dysfunction after various methods of radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the radiation induced parotid dysfunction in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients who had received different methods of radiotherapy. METHODS: From January 1996 to January 2000, 380 NPC patients were divided into conventional fraction (CF-175 patients), late-course accelerated hyperfractionation (LCAF-63 patients) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT-142 patients) groups. Conventional radiotherapy was given with a total dose of 70 Gy. Patients in the LCAF group were treated with the same fractionation as CF group until the dose of 36 - 40 Gy, then followed by LCAF radiotherapy to a total dose of 75 Gy. IMRT in the form of full-course was given to a total dose of 72 Gy. Acute parotiditis was observed during the treatment. The parotid secretory function was examined 2 years after radiotherapy. RESULTS: The dose of parotid in IMRT was much lower than those in the other 2 groups. Extreme damage rates of parotid secretory function in CF, LCAF and IMRT groups were 81.7%, 81.0% and 69.7% (P < 0.05); acute parotiditis rates were 23.4%, 20.4% and 41.3% respectively, with the differences among the 3 groups significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The radiation parotid functional damage differs in the various methods of radiotherapy. IMRT, being able to improve the tumor target coverage and spare the adjacent critical structures, is indicated for NPC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Antitumor effect of recombinant Xenopus laevis vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a vaccine combined with adriamycin on EL4 lymphoma in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the antitumor effect of immunotherapy with recombinant Xenopus laevis vascular endothelial growth factor (xVEGF) as a vaccine combined with adriamycin on lymphoma model in mice. METHODS: EL4 lymphoma model was established in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomized into four groups: combination therapy, adriamycin alone, xVEGF alone and normal saline (NS) groups, and then were given relevant treatments. The growth of tumor, the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice, and the potential toxicity of regimens above were observed. Anti-VEGF antibody-producing B cells (APBCs) were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. In addition, microvessel density (MVD) of tumor was detected by immunohistochemistry, and tumor cell apoptosis was also detected by TUNEL staining. RESULTS: The tumor volumes of mice were significantly smaller in combination group than those in other three groups (P < 0.05). Complete regression of tumor was observed in 3 of 10 mice in combination group. Forty-eight days after inoculation of tumor cells, the survival rate of mice was significantly higher in combination group than in NS group (P < 0.01). The anti-VEGF APBC count in combination group or xVEGF group was significantly higher, compared with that in adriamycin group or NS group (P < 0.01). MVD in tumor tissues was significantly lower in combination group than those in other three groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, tumor cell apoptosis was significantly higher in combination group than those in other three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this experimental study, the use of xVEGF vaccine and adriamycin as a combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy has sucessfully produced synergistic antitumor effect on lymphoma in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The effect of early invasive strategy on early and late outcomes in high-risk non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of early invasive strategy on early and late outcomes in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS: Five hundred and forty-five patients of ACS without ST-segment elevation were randomly assigned to an early conservative strategy (284 cases) or early invasive strategy group (261 cases), who were enrolled consecutively from Oct., 2001 to Oct., 2003. The combined cardiovascular events (a combination of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal heart failure and hospital readmission due to recurrent ischemic angina) within 30 days and 6 months were analyzed and the effects of early invasive strategy on early and late outcomes in high-risk patients with increased TnI or hs-CRP levels were evaluated. RESULTS: As compared with early conservative strategy, early invasive strategy lowered the rate of hospital readmission due to recurrent ischemic angina of 30 d and the combined cardiovascular events of 30 d and 6 months (all P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated early invasive strategy could significantly decrease the incidences of the combined cardiovascular events of 30 d and 6 months and the hard end point events of 6 months in patients with increased TnI or hs-CRP levels (all P < 0.01), but no such changes could be seen in patients with normal TnI or hs-CRP levels, as compared with early conservative strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Early invasive strategy decreases significantly cardiovascular events and improves the early and late outcomes in high-risk patients with increased TnI or hs-CRP levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Combination of low-dose cisplatin and recombinant xenogeneic endoglin as a vaccine induces synergistic antitumor activities.

Angiogenesis is critical to the growth and metastasis of solid tumors, and acquired drug resistance is one of the major hindrances to chemotherapy. Thus, we sought a rational strategy using the combination of antiangiogenic biotherapy and chemotherapy for cancer therapy. We explored the efficacy of a strategy combining low-dose cisplatin and a recombinant xenogeneic endoglin as a protein vaccine, which we previously demonstrated to have effective antiangiogenic effects in several mouse models. We found that both low-dosage cisplatin and xenogeneic endoglin vaccine individually resulted in effective suppression of tumor growth in 2 tumor models via inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Remarkably, the combination therapy resulted in not only significant antiangiogenic effects but also additional promotion of tumor cell apoptosis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, without any ensuing increase in host toxicity during the course of treatment, which lasted for 6 months. In addition, the combination demonstrated a synergistic relationship, which was shown in all of the synergistic indexes, i.e., tumor volume, angiogenesis, apoptosis and proliferation. Both antibodies and antibody-producing B cells against mouse self-endoglin were observed in all mice immunized by the xenogeneic endoglin vaccine (alone and combination), which suggested that low-dose cisplatin did not suppress the host immune response but potentiated the antitumor activity of the xenogeneic endoglin vaccine. These observations may provide the basis for an effective alternative strategy for cancer therapy in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Near-simultaneous and real-time detection of multiple analytes in affinity microcolumns.

A miniaturized immunoassay system based on beads in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels for analyzing multiple analytes has been developed. The method involves real-time detection of soluble molecules binding to receptor-bearing microspheres, sequestered in affinity column format inside a microfluidic channel. Identification and quantitation of analytes occurs via direct fluorescence measurements or fluorescence resonance energy transfer. A preliminary account of this work based on single-analyte format has been published in this journal (Buranda, T.; Huang, J.; Perez-Luna, V. H.; Schreyer, B.; Sklar, L. A.; Lopez, G. P. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1149-1156). We have extended the work to a multianalyte model system composed of discrete segments of beads that bear distinct receptors. Near-simultaneous and real-time detection of diverse analytes is demonstrated. The importance of this work is established in the exploration of important factors related to the design, assessment, and utility of affinity microcolumn sensors. First, beads derivatized with surface chemistry suitable for the attachment of fluorescently labeled biomolecules of interest are prepared and characterized in terms of functionality and receptor site densities by flow cytometry. Second, calibrated beads are incorporated in microfluidic channels. The analytical device that emerges replicates the basic elements of affinity chromatography with the advantages of microscale and real-time direct measurement of bound analyte on beads rather than the indirect determination from eluted sample typical of affinity chromatography. In addition, the two-compartment analysis of the assay data as demonstrated in single-analyte columns provides a template upon which the dynamics of multiple-analyte assays can be characterized using existing theoretical models and be tested experimentally. The assay can potentially detect subfemtomole quantities of protein with high signal-to-noise ratio and a large dynamic range spanning nearly 4 orders of magnitude in analyte concentration in microliter to submicroliter volumes of analyte fluid. The approach has the potential to be generalized to a host of bioaffinity assay methods including analysis of protein complexes (e.g., biomolecular indicators of diseases). Proof-of-principle analytes include FLAG peptide and carcinoembryonic antigen detected at physiologically relevant concentration levels.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗
PubMed2004

Induction of apoptosis and tumor regression by vesicular stomatitis virus in the presence of gemcitabine in lung cancer.

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been shown to replicate rapidly in vitro and kill selectively a variety of tumor cell lines. The present study was designed to determine whether gemcitabine potentiates the antitumor activity of VSV in vitro and in vivo. A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and LLC Lewis lung carcinoma cells were treated with VSV (0.1-10 plaque-forming units per cell) plus gemcitabine (20 nM to 20 microM). Mice bearing A549 or LLC were treated with VSV (5 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(8) plaque-forming units) daily for 5 days plus gemcitabine (5-125 mg/kg/day) once every 3 days for 4 times. Induction of apoptosis and effects on growth inhibition were assessed. The lung cancer cells treated with VSV plus gemcitabine displayed the apparently increased apoptotic cells compared with treatment with VSV or gemcitabine alone. The combined treatment with VSV plus gemcitabine induced the apparent antitumor activity with complete regression of the established lung cancer in both A549 and LLC lung cancer models and augmented the induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells in vivo as well. This study suggests that the combined treatment with VSV plus gemcitabine may augment the induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and that the augmented antitumor activity in vivo may result from the increased induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells. The present findings may be of importance to the further exploration of the potential application of this combined approach in the treatment of lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Polarization and bonding of the intrinsic characteristic contours of hydrogen and fluorine atoms of forming a hydrogen fluoride molecule based on an ab initio study.

The spatial changing feature of the shapes and sizes of the system consisted of one hydrogen atom and one fluorine atom of forming a hydrogen fluoride molecule is investigated. We give formalism of the potential acting on an electron in a molecule and derive its concrete expression in Hartree-Fock self-consistent molecular orbital theory including configuration interaction. The program of calculating the potential acting on an electron in a molecule is programmed and compiled in the framework of the MELD program package. We formulate briefly the approach of the molecular intrinsic characteristic contour (MICC) which is defined in terms of the classical turning points of electronic motion. The MICC for a molecular system is intrinsic and can be calculated by means of an ab initio CI method. Then, the polarization and bonding features of the intrinsic characteristic contours of hydrogen and fluorine atoms forming a hydrogen fluoride molecule are presented and discussed from ab initio calculations. Furthermore, electron density distribution as an added dimension has been demonstrated on the changing MICC and thus the vivid polarization and bonding features for a chemical process have been shown. It seems that at the early stage (internuclear distance Ind=5.0-20.0 a.u.) the fluorine atom gives more enthusiastic with the sensitive and expanded polarization to welcome coupling with the hydrogen atom while the latter has little response even "shy" with shrinking a bit its size at the beginning of putting the two atoms into a system and it is only around the critical point, the contact point (Ind=4.73 a.u.), that both of them stretch their hands and arms to meet and then fuse together.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Atom-bond electronegativity equalization method fused into molecular mechanics. I. A seven-site fluctuating charge and flexible body water potential function for water clusters.

Recently, experimental and theoretical studies on the water system are very active and noticeable. A transferable intermolecular potential seven points approach including fluctuation charges and flexible body (ABEEM-7P) based on a combination of the atom-bond electronegativity equalization and molecular mechanics (ABEEM/MM), and its application to small water clusters are explored and tested in this paper. The consistent combination of ABEEM and molecular mechanics (MM) is to take the ABEEM charges of atoms, bonds, and lone-pair electrons into the intermolecular electrostatic interaction term in molecular mechanics. To examine the charge transfer we have used two models coming from the charge constraint types: one is a charge neutrality constraint on whole water system and the other is on each water molecule. Compared with previous water force fields, the ABEEM-7P model has two characters: (1) the ABEEM-7P model not only presents the electrostatic interaction of atoms, bonds and lone-pair electrons and their changing in respond to different ambient environment but also introduces "the hydrogen bond interaction region" in which a new parameter k(lp,H)(R(lp,H)) is used to describe the electrostatic interaction of the lone-pair electron and the hydrogen atom which can form the hydrogen bond; (2) nonrigid but flexible water body permitting the vibration of the bond length and angle is allowed due to the combination of ABEEM and molecular mechanics, and for van der Waals interaction the ABEEM-7P model takes an all atom-atom interaction, i.e., oxygen-oxygen, hydrogen-hydrogen, oxygen-hydrogen interaction into account. The ABEEM-7P model based on ABEEM/MM gives quite accurate predictions for gas-phase state properties of the small water clusters (H(2)O)(n) (n=2-6), such as optimized geometries, monomer dipole moments, vibrational frequencies, and cluster interaction energies. Due to its explicit description of charges and the hydrogen bond, the ABEEM-7P model will be applied to discuss properties of liquid water, ice, aqueous solutions, and biological systems.

Journal Article↗