Biomedical subjects

Yutaka Kawakami

Publications and source records attributed to Yutaka Kawakami.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2007

Preferential expression and frequent IgG responses of a tumor antigen, SOX5, in glioma patients.

We previously reported to identify SOX5 as a glioma antigen by serological screening using a testis cDNA library. The present study was designed to analyze SOX5 expression, its immunoreactivity, and the correlation between SOX5 IgG responses and clinical features in glioma patients to evaluate the possibility of its use as a diagnostic marker. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that SOX5 was expressed in glioma tissues, but not in normal adult tissues, except in the testis. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that SOX5 was expressed in glioma cells, but only a few SOX5-positive cells were detected in non-neoplastic tissues from the cerebral cortex. IgG antibodies against SOX5 were detected in sera from 8 of the 27 glioma patients (27.6%), 0 of the 14 patients with other brain diseases (0%), 1 of the 54 other cancer patients (1.9%) and 1 of the 37 healthy individuals (2.7%). Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) who showed IgG responses against SOX5 exhibited significantly better survival periods than GBM patients without SOX5 antibodies. In summary, SOX5 is aberrantly expressed in glioma and can be recognized as a glioma antigen using IgGs from the sera of glioma patients. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant correlation between the presence of SOX5 IgGs and survival in GBM patients, suggesting that the glioma antigen SOX5 may be useful not only as a diagnostic marker, but also as a prognostic marker in glioma patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Evaluation of platelet kinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis: similarity to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia is a common manifestation of liver cirrhosis (LC), but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the platelet kinetics in LC patients by examining several non-invasive convenient markers. METHODS: Fifty-seven LC patients, 32 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 12 with aplastic anemia (AA), and 29 healthy individuals were studied. Plasma thrombopoietin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Absolute reticulated platelet (RP) count and plasma glycocalicin were used as indices for thrombopoiesis, and the indices for platelet turnover were the RP proportion and the plasma glycocalicin normalized to the individual platelet count (GCI). RESULTS: There was no difference in thrombopoietin levels between LC patients and healthy controls. The RP proportion and GCI were significantly higher and the absolute RP count and glycocalicin significantly lower in LC patients than in healthy controls. These markers in ITP and LC patients were comparable, but significantly different from those in AA patients. The bone marrow megakaryocyte density in LC and ITP patients was similar, and significantly higher than in AA patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cirrhotic thrombocytopenia is a multifactorial condition involving accelerated platelet turnover and moderately impaired thrombopoiesis. Thrombopoietin deficiency is unlikely to be the primary contributor to cirrhotic thrombocytopenia.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Enhancement of immunologic tumor regression by intratumoral administration of dendritic cells in combination with cryoablative tumor pretreatment and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell wall skeleton stimulation.

PURPOSE: We developed an effective immunotherapy, which could induce antitumor immune responses against shared and unique tumor antigens expressed in autologous tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Intratumoral administration of dendritic cells is one of the individualized immunotherapies; however, the antitumor activity is relatively weak. In this study, we attempted to enhance the antitumor efficacy of the i.t. dendritic cell administration by combining dendritic cells stimulated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) additionally with cryoablative pretreatment of tumors and analyzed the therapeutic mechanisms. RESULTS: These two modifications (cryoablation of tumors and BCG-CWS stimulation of dendritic cells) significantly increases the antitumor effect on both the treated tumor and the untreated tumor, which was distant at the opposite side, in a bilateral s.c. murine CT26 colon cancer model. Further analysis of the augmented antitumor effects revealed that the cryoablative pretreatment enhances the uptake of tumor antigens by the introduced dendritic cells, resulting in the induction of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells responsible for the in vivo tumor regression of both treated and remote untreated tumors. This novel combination i.t. dendritic cell immunotherapy was effective against well-established large tumors. The antitumor efficacy was further enhanced by depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS: This novel dendritic cell immunotherapy with i.t. administration of BCG-CWS-treated dendritic cells following tumor cryoablation could be used for the therapy of cancer patients with multiple metastases.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2006

Effects of a Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen on anti-platelet autoantibody response in infected and uninfected patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Thirty-seven patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were treated with a standard Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen irrespective of H. pylori infection. Our results indicate that platelet recovery results from the disappearance of H. pylori itself, and is mediated, in part, through suppression of anti-platelet autoantibody production.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

T helper type 2-biased natural killer cell phenotype in patients with pemphigus vulgaris.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoantibody-mediated bullous disease, but the role of natural killer (NK) cells in its pathogenic process has never been examined in detail. Circulating CD56+ CD3- NK cells as well as CD69+-activated NK cells were increased in PV patients compared with healthy controls and patients with other autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura and myasthenia gravis. Gene expression analysis of highly purified NK cells demonstrated an increased expression of IL-10 and decreased expression of IL-12Rbeta2, perforin, and granzyme B ex vivo in PV patients versus healthy controls. The NK cells from PV patients also showed impaired signal transducer and activator of transduction4 phosphorylation upon in vitro IL-12 stimulation. Moreover, NK cells from PV patients exhibited reduced IL-10 production in response to in vitro stimulation with IL-2/IL-12. Finally, IL-5 expression in NK cells was exclusively detected ex vivo in PV patients with active disease, and was lost in subsequent analyses performed during disease remission. Together these findings suggest that NK cells contribute to a T helper type 2-biased immune response in PV patients through impaired IL-12 signaling and an upregulation of IL-10 and IL-5.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Endothelial differentiation potential of human monocyte-derived multipotential cells.

We previously reported a unique CD14(+)CD45(+)CD34(+) type I collagen(+) cell fraction derived from human circulating CD14(+) monocytes, named monocyte-derived multipotential cells (MOMCs). This primitive cell population contains progenitors capable of differentiating along the mesenchymal and neuronal lineages. Here, we investigated whether MOMCs can also differentiate along the endothelial lineage. MOMCs treated with angiogenic growth factors for 7 days changed morphologically and adopted a caudate appearance with rod-shaped microtubulated structures resembling Weibel-Palade bodies. Almost every cell expressed CD31, CD144, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) type 1 and 2 receptors, Tie-2, von Willebrand factor (vWF), endothelial nitric-oxide synthase, and CD146, but CD14/CD45 expression was markedly downregulated. Under these culture conditions, the MOMCs continued to proliferate for up to 7 days. Functional characteristics, including vWF release upon histamine stimulation and upregulated expression of VEGF and VEGF type 1 receptor in response to hypoxia, were indistinguishable between the MOMC-derived endothelial-like cells and cultured mature endothelial cells. The MOMCs responded to angiogenic stimuli and promoted the formation of mature endothelial cell tubules in Matrigel cultures. Finally, in xenogenic transplantation studies using a severe combined immunodeficient mouse model, syngeneic colon carcinoma cells were injected subcutaneously with or without human MOMCs. Cotransplantation of the MOMCs promoted the formation of blood vessels, and more than 40% of the tumor vessel sections incorporated human endothelial cells derived from MOMCs. These findings indicate that human MOMCs can proliferate and differentiate along the endothelial lineage in a specific permissive environment and thus represent an autologous transplantable cell source for therapeutic neovasculogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The BRAF-MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cancer-immune evasion in human melanoma cells.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is frequently activated in human cancers, leading to malignant phenotypes such as autonomous cellular proliferation. Here, we demonstrate a novel role of the activated MAPK pathway in immune evasion by melanoma cells with the mutation of BRAF, which encodes a MAPKKs, (BRAF(V600E)). MEK inhibitor U0126 or RNA interference (RNAi) for BRAF(V600E) decreased production of the immunosuppressive soluble factors interleukin (IL)-10, VEGF, or IL-6 from melanoma cells to levels comparable to those after signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 inactivation. The suppressive activity of the culture supernatants from the melanoma cells on the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by dendritic cells upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation was markedly reduced after transduction with BRAF(V600E) RNAi, comparable to the effects observed with STAT3 RNAi transduction. No additive or synergistic effects were observed by the simultaneous transduction of RNAi for both BRAF(V600E) and STAT3. Furthermore, specific DNA binding and transcriptional activity of STAT3 were not affected by down-regulation of the MAPK signaling with the BRAF RNAi. These results indicate that the MAPK signal, along with the STAT3 signal, is essential for immune evasion by human melanomas that have constitutively active MAPK signaling and is a potential molecular target for overcoming melanoma cell evasion of the immune system.

Cell Line, Tumor↗

PubMed2006

Transactivation activity of thyroid hormone receptors in fish (Conger myriaster) in response to thyroid hormones.

We previously isolated cDNAs encoding conger eel (Conger myriaster) thyroid hormone (TH) receptors (TRs). In the present study, we investigated the transactivation activities of conger eel TRs treated with THs (3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine [T3], l-thyroxine [T4], and 3,3',5'-triiodo-l-thyronine [rT3]), or ligands and activators of other nuclear receptors. Following transient transfection into the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) hepatocyte cell line Hepa-E1, the conger eel TRs (cTRs) showed TH-dependent activation of transcription from a TH-responsive promoter. However, no transactivation activity of any of the four cTRs was observed with ligands or activators of other nuclear receptors. Although T3 activation for cTRs is stronger than other THs (T3>T4>rT3), the transactivation sensitivity was different from the activity of cTRs with THs, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that cTRs can act in concert with THs in fish metamorphosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A new melanoma antigen fatty acid-binding protein 7, involved in proliferation and invasion, is a potential target for immunotherapy and molecular target therapy.

The identification of molecules that are preferentially expressed in melanoma cells and involved in their malignant phenotypes is important for understanding melanoma biology and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. By comparing the expression profile of a melanoma cell line with those of various normal tissues using GeneChip and by confirming the actual expression of the selected genes by reverse transcription-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses, fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7), which is frequently expressed in melanomas, was identified. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that FABP7 was expressed in 11 of 15 melanoma tissues. By down-regulating the FABP7 expression with FABP7-specific small interfering RNAs, in vitro cell proliferation and Matrigel invasion were suppressed in two of six melanoma cell lines. Overexpression of FABP7 in a FABP7-negative embryonic kidney cell line 293T by transfecting with the FABP7 cDNA resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and Matrigel invasion, indicating that FABP7 plays a role in the malignant phenotype of some melanoma cell lines. IgG antibodies specific for the phage or bacterial recombinant FABP7 protein were detected in 14 of 25 (56%) or in 8 of 31 (26%) sera from melanoma patients, respectively, but not in sera from healthy individuals, indicating that FABP7 is an immunogenic antigen in melanoma patients. These results showed that FABP7 is frequently expressed in melanoma, may be involved in cell proliferation and invasion, and may be a potential target for development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Antibody Specificity↗

PubMed2006

Identification of a glioma antigen, GARC-1, using cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by HSV cancer vaccine.

Despite several ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapies against glioma, few glioma-specific antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been identified. We recently demonstrated that intratumoral inoculation with herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a cancer vaccine activates tumor-specific CTLs. To identify glioma antigens recognized by CTLs, we used the HSV cancer vaccine to vaccinate mice harboring a syngeneic mouse glioma cell line, GL261. From the splenocytes of the immunized mice, we generated an H-2Db-restricted CTL line, GCL-1, that was specific for GL261. Then, a cDNA expression library generated from GL261 was screened with GCL-1, and a new gene encoding glioma antigen, GARC-1, was isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that the GARC-1 gene isolated from GL261 had a point mutation causing an amino acid change (Asp to Asn at position 81). T-cell epitope analysis revealed that the mutated peptide GARC-1(77-85) (AALLNKLYA) but not the wild-type peptide (AALLDKLYA), was recognized by GCL-1. These results suggest that HSV cancer vaccination may be a useful method for inducing tumor-specific CTLs and identifying tumor antigens. Furthermore, this GL261/GARC-1 murine glioma model may be useful for the development of immunotherapy for brain tumors.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effective inhibition of cell growth and invasion of melanoma by combined suppression of BRAF (V599E) and Skp2 with lentiviral RNAi.

p27Kip1 that regulates the G1/S transition of cell cycle and inhibits Rho A signaling is frequently lost in several cancers leading to the deregulation of cell growth and cell motility. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) regulate the export of p27Kip1 from nucleus to cytoplasm, followed by the degradation with proteases. Skp-2, a subunit of an SCF ubiquitin-protein ligase complex responsible for the ubiquitination of p27Kip1, is upregulated frequently in several cancers, leading to the decrease of p27Kip1. We applied human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) to melanoma cells with the BRAF mutation (V599E) and overexpressed Skp-2 and found that the simultaneous suppression of these activated oncogenes resulted in the effective inhibition of in vitro cell growth and invasive ability of melanoma cells accompanied by the additional increase of p27Kip1. Our results suggest that gene therapy against melanoma with the enhanced MAPK and ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways could be a specific and effective therapeutic strategy for cancers.

Activin Receptors, Type I↗

PubMed2006

A novel cancer testis antigen that is frequently expressed in pancreatic, lung, and endometrial cancers.

PURPOSE: To isolate cancer testis antigens that are expressed in pancreatic cancers and may be useful in clinical applications. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To efficiently isolate cancer testis antigens, a testis cDNA library was immunoscreened (SEREX) with serum from a patient with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The expression of isolated antigens in various cancer cell lines and tissues was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR and Northern blot analyses. The immunogenicity of the antigen in cancer patients was evaluated by detection of the IgG antibody in sera from patients with various cancers. RESULTS: Of the three clones isolated through screening of a total of 2 x 10(6) cDNA library clones, one clone (KU-CT-1) was found to be expressed in various cancers but only in testis among normal tissues, indicating that it was a novel cancer testis antigen. The KU-CT-1 gene is located on chromosome 10p12 and produces two splice variants, which encode proteins of 397 and 872 amino acids, respectively. KU-CT-1 was expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues (3 of 9, 33%), lung cancer tissues (9 of 24, 38%), and endometrial cancer tissues (7 of 11, 64%). Specific serum IgG antibodies were detected in 3 of 20 pancreatic cancer patients, 2 of 12 endometrial cancer patients, 1 of 18 colon cancer patients, and 1 of 10 prostate cancer patients but not detected in 30 healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: KU-CT-1 is a new cancer testis antigen that is expressed in pancreatic, lung, and endometrial cancers and may be useful for diagnosis and immunotherapy for patients with various cancers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Increase in circulating endothelial precursors by atorvastatin in patients with systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether atorvastatin can increase bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial precursors (CEPs) and improve the vascular symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). METHODS: The study was designed as an open-label, prospective study involving 14 patients with SSc who received 10 mg/day of atorvastatin for 12 weeks and were followed up for the subsequent 4 weeks. CEPs were quantified at weeks 0 (pretreatment), 4, 8, 12 (during treatment), and 16 (posttreatment) by cell sorting followed by 3-color flow cytometry. Raynaud's phenomenon variables, global measures, and psychological scales as well as circulating angiogenic factors and endothelial activation/injury markers were serially assessed. The potential of CEPs to differentiate into mature endothelial cells was examined in cultures with angiogenic stimuli. RESULTS: None of the patients experienced an adverse event, but 1 dropped out because of an excessive decrease in serum total cholesterol. Atorvastatin treatment resulted in a 1.7- to 8.0-fold increase in CEPs from baseline levels (P < 0.0001), but the numbers returned to within baseline levels at posttreatment. However, 8 patients (62%) experienced a gradual decrease in the number of CEPs, even while taking atorvastatin. Variables indicating the extent of Raynaud's phenomenon improved significantly, and up-regulated levels of angiogenic factors and vascular endothelial activation/injury markers decreased significantly during atorvastatin treatment. These variables returned to within baseline levels after discontinuation of the drug. In contrast, atorvastatin failed to improve the in vitro maturation potential of CEPs. CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study suggest that atorvastatin treatment can increase CEPs and may be effective in improving Raynaud's phenomenon, even in SSc patients who have CEP dysfunction intrinsically.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Possible involvement of allogeneic antigens recognised by donor-derived CD4 cytotoxic T cells in selective GVL effects after stem cell transplantation of patients with haematological malignancy.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines specific for allogeneic antigens were generated by in vitro stimulation of donor-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients who received human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-matched allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). One of the allogeneic antigen-specific CD4+ CTL lines, CTL-A, generated from a patient with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, recognised HLA-DPB1*0501-positive Epstein-Barr virus-immortalised human B cell line (EBV-B cells), phytohaemagglutinin blasts and leukaemia cells, but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treated HLA-DPB1*0501-positive fibroblasts, indicating that this CD4+ T-cell line recognised a minor histocompatibility antigen (mHa) that is preferentially expressed in haematopoietic cells in an HLA-DPB1*0501-restricted manner. The other CD4+ CTL line, CTL-B, generated from a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia, recognised mismatched HLA-DQB1*0303 on EBV-B cells and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) blasts. Interestingly, this CTL line did not recognise IFN-gamma-treated recipient's skin fibroblasts, as HLA-DQ was merely upregulated even after IFN-gamma stimulation in non-haematopoietic cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells and hepatocytes. These results suggest that these CD4 positive CTLs, specific for mismatch HLA-DQ and mHa that are preferentially expressed on haematopoietic cells, may play an important role in induction of selective graft-versus-leukaemia effect without development of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic HSCT.

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes↗

PubMed2006

Neurogenic potential of progenitors derived from human circulating CD14+ monocytes.

We previously reported a primitive cell fraction derived from human circulating CD14+ monocytes, named monocyte-derived multipotential cells (MOMC), that can differentiate along mesenchymal lineages, including bone, cartilage, fat, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. In this study, we investigated whether MOMC can differentiate into the neuronal lineage. MOMC were fluorescently labelled and cocultivated with a primary culture of rat neurons for up to 4 weeks. The protein and gene expressions of neuron-specific markers in the human MOMC were evaluated over time using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and reverse transcription followed by PCR. Shortly after cocultivation with rat neurons, nearly all the MOMC expressed early neuroectodermal markers, Mash1, Neurogenin2 and NeuroD, together with nestin, an intermediate filament expressed in neurogenesis. After 14 days of coculture, a subpopulation of MOMC displayed a multipolar morphology with elongated neurites and expressed mature neuron-specific markers, including neurofilament, microtubule-associated protein type 2, beta3-tubulin, NeuN and Hu. Transdifferentiation of monocytes into the neuroectodermal lineage was shown by the simultaneous expression of proneural markers and CD45/CD14 early in the differentiation process. The cocultivated MOMC retained their proliferative capacity for at least 16 days. Finally, the neuronal differentiation of MOMC was observed when they were cultured with neurons without cell-to-cell contact. The capacity of MOMC to differentiate into both mesodermal and neuroectodermal lineages suggests that circulating CD14+ monocytes are more multipotential than previously thought.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Characterization of transthyretin in the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis.

A cDNA encoding transthyretin was cloned from the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). This cDNA contains a complete open reading frame encoding 151 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence is 81% and 55% identical to the gilthead seabream and common carp forms, respectively, and 33-39% to mammalian, reptilian, and amphibian forms. A 1.0-kb transcript was found in the the liver and ovary; the liver is the main source of this protein. Analysis of triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)) and L-thyroxine (T(4)) binding demonstrated that both T(3) and T(4) bind to bluefin transthyretin. The binding activity of T(3) for bluefin transthyretin is higher than that of T(4). These results indicate that bluefin transthyretin acts as a transporter of thyroid hormones (THs) in the plasma, and plays an important role in the function of THs in target cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Carbonic anhydrase II is a tumor vessel endothelium-associated antigen targeted by dendritic cell therapy.

Tumor-associated antigens are promising candidates as target molecules for immunotherapy and a wide variety of tumor-associated antigens have been discovered through the presence of serum antibodies in cancer patients. We previously conducted dendritic cell therapy on 10 malignant melanoma patients and shrinkage or disappearance of metastatic tumors with massive necrosis occurred in two patients. In this study, we found a 29-kDa protein against which antibody was elicited by dendritic cell therapy in one of the two patients. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry analysis of the protein isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with Western blots revealed that the 29-kDa protein was carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II). Immunohistochemistry of the tumors and normal tissues showed that CA-II was expressed in the tumor vessel but not in normal vessel endothelium. CA-II expression in tumor endothelium was observed as well in other cancers including esophageal, renal, and lung cancers. In an in vitro angiogenesis model, CA-II expression of normal human vein endothelial cells was significantly up-regulated when cells were cultured in the acidic and hypoxic conditions indicative of a tumor environment. These findings suggest that CA-II is a tumor vessel endothelium-associated antigen in melanoma and other cancers, and elicitation of serum anti-CA-II antibody by dendritic cell therapy may be associated with good clinical outcome including tumor reduction.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Immune responses to DNA mismatch repair enzymes hMSH2 and hPMS1 in patients with pancreatic cancer, dermatomyositis and polymyositis.

To identify tumor antigens useful for diagnosis and immunotherapy of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we applied a SEREX approach with a cDNA library made from 5 pancreatic cancer cell lines and sera obtained from 8 patients with pancreatic cancer, and isolated total 32 genes, including 14 previously characterized genes and 18 genes with unknown functions. Among these isolated antigens, serum IgG antibodies for 2 isolated DNA mismatch repair enzymes, Homo sapiens mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2) and Homo sapiens postmeiotic segregation increased 1 (hPMS1), were detected in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and dermatomyositis (DM), and polymyositis (PM), but not in sera from healthy individuals. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that hMSH2 and hPMS1 were over-expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma compared to normal pancreatic ducts. These results suggested that hMSH2 and hPMS1 may be useful as CD4+ helper T cell antigens for immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer patients and that serum IgG antibodies may be useful for diagnosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and DM/PM.

Adenocarcinoma↗