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Biomedical subjects

Z Solomon

Publications and source records attributed to Z Solomon.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Locus of control and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: the intervening role of battle intensity, threat appraisal and coping.

The study examined the role of control expectancies in the formation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Israeli soldiers combat stress reactions (battle shock) casualties of the Lebanon War (1982). A random sample of 104 soldiers who fought in the Lebanon War and were identified as combat stress reaction casualties were clinically interviewed and given a battery of self-report questionnaires a year after their participation in combat. In general, the components of Lazarus' stress-illness model were predictive of the severity of PTSD. Greater appraisal of threat, more negative emotions, and more emotion-focused coping were all found to predict a larger number of PTSD symptoms. Path analyses were performed separately for soldiers who reported that they were under high battle intensity and those who were under relatively low battle intensity. For low battle intensity, externals suffered more PTSD than internals. This relationship was due mainly to the indirect effects of locus of control via threat appraisal. These significant relationships were not found when battle intensity was high. The implications of the findings for the study of combat stress reactions and for the stress-illness model are discussed. The relative impact of generalized control expectancies and situational factors are examined for the various components of the model.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Officers' attitudes toward combat stress reaction: responsibility, treatment, return to unit, and personal distance.

This study examines the attitudes of 176 Israel Defense Forces officers toward combat stress reaction (CSR) in four areas: (1) the degree of personal responsibility the officer accepts for the treatment of the CSR casualty; (2) the type of treatment the officer views as most effective for CSR; (3) the officer's willingness to accept the CSR casualty's return to the unit following treatment; and (4) the personal distance the officer experiences between himself and the phenomenon. The impact of the following variables on officers' attitudes was assessed: casualty's rank, casualty's level of combat skill, presence of an additional physical injury, type of symptomatology, and respondent's background variables. Each officer was presented with one of 24 vignettes describing a CSR incident and was requested to fill in an attitudes questionnaire. Findings revealed that officers were more severe and less tolerant in relation to the CSR casualty who was an officer than toward lower ranking casualties. Officers were expected to take more responsibility for their own recovery than simple soldiers, support of commanding officers was seen as less effective in their treatment, and respondents were less willing to accept them back into their units after treatment.

Attitude↗
PubMed1989

Untreated combat-related PTSD--why some Israeli veterans do not seek help.

The present research assesses factors that interfere with psychiatric help-seeking among soldiers suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Symptom severity, perceived self-efficacy, negative life event, family environment, and sociodemographic variables were assessed. 716 soldiers participated in the study. Results showed that symptom severity, self-efficacy and the experience of negative life events distinguished between subjects who sought treatment and those who did not. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Psychological sequelae of war. A 3-year prospective study of Israeli combat stress reaction casualties.

The long-term psychological sequelae of combat were assessed employing the Impact of Event Scale (IES) 1, 2, and 3 years after the 1982 Lebanon War. The following groups of Israeli veterans participated: combat stress reaction casualties (N = 213) and comparable controls (N = 116). For the purpose of the study, the subjects in each group were screened and further divided according to whether they did or did not suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results showed that elevated rates of distress were reported by both combat stress reaction and PTSD casualties at all three points in time. In both study groups the level of distress declined with time. Theoretical and methodological implications were discussed.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed1988

Life events, combat stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder.

The implication of life events just preceding a war in acute combat stress reaction and chronic PTSD were assessed in a sample of 716 Israeli combatants. Results show that life events were unrelated to combat stress reaction but were related to subsequent PTSD. Conceptual and methodological issues were discussed to explain the results.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Coping, locus of control, social support, and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective study.

We examined the relations between coping, locus of control, and social support and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The sample consisted of 262 Israeli soldiers who suffered a combat stress reaction episode during the 1982 Lebanon war and were followed 2 and 3 years after their participation in combat. Cross-sectional analyses revealed significant relations between locus of control, coping, and social support and PTSD at the two points of assessment. Changes in PTSD from Time 1 to Time 2 were also associated with changes in coping. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of the findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

The effect of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the family.

This paper reviews literature on the detrimental effect of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the family. The literature indicates that guilt feelings, emotional withdrawal and elevated levels of aggression in the returning veteran make it difficult, perhaps even impossible, for him to fully resume his former roles of father, husband and breadwinner. Wives and children of veterans show psychiatric symptoms. Despite these hardships, the families are generally reluctant to seek professional help. The clinical implications are discussed and suggestions are made for intervention and outreach.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Characteristic expressions of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli soldiers in the 1982 Lebanon War.

This study assessed the clinical picture of two groups of Israeli soldiers: front-line soldiers who had been treated for combat stress reaction during the 1982 Lebanon War (n = 382); and matched control front-line soldiers who did not sustain combat stress reaction (n = 334). Subjects were screened one year after the war for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric symptomatology using the symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90). Results indicated that anxiety, depression, hostility, and obsessive-compulsive problems were the most salient features of PTSD among combat stress reaction casualties. The contribution of DSM-III criteria as well as their limitations in the diagnosis of PTSD are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Somatic complaints, stress reaction, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a three-year follow-up study.

The relationships of somatic complaints and health-related habits to combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed one, two, and three years after the 1982 Lebanon War. The sample consisted of 213 combat stress reaction Israeli casualties and 116 comparable controls. Results showed that higher rates of somatic complaints were reported by both combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder casualties at all three assessments. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Psychological sequelae of war. A 2-year follow-up study of Israeli combat stress reaction casualties.

The relationships of two stress-related intrapsychic manifestations--intrusion and avoidance--to combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed 1 and 2 years after the 1982 Lebanon War. The sample consisted of 285 combat stress reaction Israeli casualties and 198 comparable control subjects. Results showed that higher rates of intrusion and avoidance were reported by both combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder casualties at the two points in time. In addition, the level of intrusion tendencies declined with time. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed1988

A follow-up of Israeli casualties of combat stress reaction ('battle shock') in the 1982 Lebanon War.

A sample of 104 Israeli soldiers diagnosed as suffering from combat stress reactions (CSR) ('battle shock') during the 1982 Lebanon War were examined by mental health clinicians a year after the war. The clinicians assessed (a) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined in the DSM-III (1980), (b) associated psychological symptoms (somatization, anxiety, and depression), and (c) disturbances in post-war functioning. The clinicians collected background information on sociodemographic characteristics, premilitary and military adjustment, combat experiences, and the extent of the CSR episode. The analysis indicated that PTSD could be predicted fairly well by the extent of the CSR episode and specific combat experiences, while the psychological symptoms were predicted mainly by combat experiences, and post-war functioning was predicted mainly by pre-war factors. The implication of combat experiences and soldiers' immediate reactions during combat in the genesis of subsequent PTSD is discussed. The multifaceted nature of war-related psychological sequelae is delineated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: preliminary findings.

The authors assessed the impact of the Nazi Holocaust on the course and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Israeli combat stress reaction casualties. They examined a sample of 96 such casualties of the 1982 Lebanon War whose parents had gone through the Nazi Holocaust and compared them to casualties who did not have such family history for 3 consecutive years beginning 1 year after their participation in the war. Results showed that 2 and 3 years after their participation in the 1982 Lebanon War, the children of Holocaust survivors, i.e., "second-generation" casualties, had higher rates of PTSD than did the control subjects, as well as a somewhat different clinical picture. Clinical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A two year follow-up of somatic complaints among Israeli combat stress reaction casualties.

The relationships of somatic complaints and health related habits to combat stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder were assessed one and two years after the 1982 Lebanon War. The sample consisted of 285 combat stress reaction Israeli casualties and 198 comparable controls. Results showed that higher rates of somatic complaints were reported by both combat stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder casualties at the two points in time. Theoretical and methodological implications were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Combat stress reactions, post traumatic stress disorder and somatic complaints among Israeli soldiers.

This study examined the effect of combat stress on somatic health in a sample of 804 Israeli soldiers. Three groups of subjects were assessed: combatants who did not participate in the Lebanon War, combatants who fought and suffered from combat stress reactions, and combatants who participated in the Lebanon War but did not sustain psychiatric injury. One year following the war subjects were asked to report somatic complaints and were screened for post-traumatic stress disorder. Results indicated that participation in combat per se did not have pathogenic effects. However, combat stress reactions and post-traumatic stress disorder were found to be associated with somatic complaints. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Exposure to recurrent combat stress: combat stress reactions among Israeli soldiers in the Lebanon War.

This study examined the impact of repeated exposure to combat on combat stress reaction (CSR). Soldiers diagnosed with CSR during the Lebanon War (N = 382) were compared with a matched control group of soldiers who fought in the same units but did not manifest symptoms of CSR (N = 334). CSR in the Lebanon War was found to be related to the psychological outcome the soldier experienced in previous wars. The CSR rate in the Lebanon War was higher in soldiers who had experienced an episode of CSR in a previous war than in soldiers with no past combat experience. However, CSR rates were lower among soldiers who had not had an episode of CSR in a previous war than among soldiers with no prior combat experience. High intensity of combat in Lebanon was found to increase both the detrimental and favourable effects of prior combat experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗