TY - RPRT TI - Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. AU - Miguel A Hernán AU - Sonia Hernández-Díaz AU - Martha M Werler AU - Allen A Mitchell PY - 2002 DO - 10.1093/aje/155.2.176 UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11790682/ ID - 11790682 ER -