PubMed · 10073528
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D S Greenberg. 1999-02-27. Planning and measuring basic research.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76102-x
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In this study, we compared separate and coordinated eye and hand movements towards visual or somatosensory target stimuli in a dark room, where no visual position information about the hand could be obtained. Experiment 1 showed that saccadic reaction times (RTs) were longer when directed to somatosensory targets than when directed to visual targets in both single- and dual-task conditions. However, for hand movements, this pattern was only found in the dual-task condition and not in the single-task condition. Experiment 1 also showed that correlations between saccadic and hand RTs were significantly higher when directed towards somatosensory targets than when directed towards visual targets. Importantly, experiment 2 indicated that this was not caused by differences in processing times at a perceptual level. Furthermore, hand-pointing accuracy was found to be higher when subjects had to move their eyes as well (dual task) compared to a single-task hand movement. However, this effect was more pronounced for movements to visual targets than to somatosensory targets. A schematic model of sensorimotor transformations for saccadic eye and goal-directed hand movements is proposed and possible shared mechanisms of the two motor systems are discussed.
The following essay deals with the question whether there are psychotherapeutic effects within nursing interventions. The first part describes the framework for nursing interventions according to the nursing theories of I. King considering particularly the process of goal-achievement. Humanistic thoughts and views of Patterson, Zderad and Watson have also been taken into consideration. In order to look at the question concerning the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic intervention the scientific studies of K. Grawe, R. Donati und F. Bernauer as well as those of V. Tschuschke und D. Czogalik are discussed. Particular attention has been paid to the so-called non-specific factors with regard to the effectiveness of the interventions which was the basis for the formulation of the question. The second part combines the non-specific factors relating to the effectiveness of psychotherapy and the way in which nursing interventions work which is the basis for a model relevant to the different levels of nursing intervention. From this synthesis it can be said that nursing interventions do process psychotherapeutic effectiveness. To come to a conclusion the necessary consequences regarding training and continuing education in nursing management are discussed.