PubMed · 10098056
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S F Conti. 1999. Total contact casting.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10098056/
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Comparable to the standardized ultrasound screening of newborns and infants according to Graf's method, the standardized ultrasound examination of the locomotor apparatus has become an important feature in the evaluation of many acute and chronic diseases. The standardized ultrasound examination technique according to the guidelines of DEGUM and DGOOC helps the experienced and inexperienced user to avoid diagnostic mistakes by reproducibly displaying anatomical landmarks. Specific individual planes can be necessary in certain indications. The main advantage in comparison to other diagnostic means (i.e., computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) lies in the possibility of dynamic examination, which allows excellent imaging especially in rotator cuff affections. In cases without pathological findings, two standardized planes have to be documented. Otherwise, the pathological finding has to be documented in two standardized planes. The standardized procedure is a useful means for assuring and improving the quality of sonographic examinations of articular and periarticular structures.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of body transverse rotation using weighted differential center of pressure signals during quiet standing in healthy children and in children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Body sway was indirectly measured through center of pressure data, which was calculated using dual force platforms. BACKGROUND: Assessment of postural control synergies using center of pressure data provides a unique method for center of mass data analysis in characterizing complex balance sway. METHODS: Using dual force platforms, linear expressions for the coordinates of right and left center of pressure signals were developed to identify and characterize balance control synergies during quiet standing. Subjects were also tested during eyes open and eyes closed trials to determine the significance of visual input on these control synergies. RESULTS: The limb protraction/retraction control was found to be dominant during medial-lateral sway, whereas the estimated body transverse rotation contribution was found to be more significant than the previously reported measures of anterior-posterior balance. These findings were consistent in healthy children and in children with cerebral palsy during both eyes open and eyes closed trials. CONCLUSION: The weighted differential center of pressure signals show that the estimated body transverse rotation contribution is significant in healthy children and critical for postural stability in children with cerebral palsy. RELEVANCE: This study identifies the significance of body transverse rotation control contribution in upright posture. Children with cerebral palsy with relatively poor ankle control demonstrate the importance of body transverse rotation for postural stability.
A sagittal-plane mathematical model of joint mobility, including the mechanical effect of the extensor retinacula, was used to predict the lever arm lengths of the main flexor and extensor muscles of the human ankle over the range of movement. In plantarflexion, the centre of rotation lies posteriorly and distally, maximising the lever arm of the tibialis anterior. The action of the gastrocnemius and soleus is maximised in dorsiflexion. Traditional calculation of ankle joint moment based on a fixed centre of rotation is acceptable only in exercises such as level walking with a limited range of motion about the neutral position. The present model with a moving centre is particularly advised in exercises which take the joint nearer to the extremes of sagittal motion.