PubMed · 10108368
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P Williamson, I MacPherson, J Barbour. 1990-11-15. Creating common purpose.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10108368/
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The main factor determining the size of sanitary losses (SL) and the share of injuries with different degree of severity is intensity of earthquake. At the same time dependence of SL structure on the types of populated area (including the peculiarities of their building) and the character of population allocation at the moment of earthquake is rather small. It allows to substantiate the common medical-and-evacuation indices of the casualties for the given intensity of earthquake. The normative indices given in the article are of reference significance and depending on concrete situation require closer definition.
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In 1991 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its revised Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents. The protective action guides contained in the manual represent EPA's formal recommendations to Federal, State, and local emergency response officials for protecting public health and safety during a nuclear incident. These guides are expressed in terms of the projected dose at which action(s) should be taken to reduce or eliminate that dose. In determining the appropriate values for the protective action guides, the Agency considered the following four principles: (1) acute health effects should be avoided, (2) the risk of delayed health effects should be minimized, (3) the values should not be higher than justified by a cost-benefit analysis, and (4) the risk to health from implementing the protective action should not be greater than the risk from the dose avoided. This paper examines each of these principles and their application in the selection of the evacuation and sheltering protective action guides for the early, or immediate, phase of a nuclear incident.