PubMed · 10119554
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C Fluke. 1992. Disinfectants.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10119554/
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A setup with two parallel hollow-fiber modules was used to study the recovery of phenol from aqueous solutions. Cyanex 923, Amberlite LA-2, and trioctylamine (TOA) in aliphatic kerosene were used as carriers. A solution of 0.2 M NaOH was used for stripping. It was found that each of the studied carriers permitted the effective removal of phenol. Cyanex 923 showed the best performance, removing phenol in the shortest time and giving the highest fluxes and the highest mass-transfer coefficients. The maximum fluxes of phenol entering the receiving phase changed in the following ratio: Cyanex 923/Amberlite LA-2/TOA = 3.5/1.5/1. The mass-transfer coefficient in the extraction step changed in the same order: 34/5.2/1. The mass-transfer coefficients of the stripping step were 2-4 orders lower than in the extraction step and were comparable for each carrier: Cyanex 923/Amberlite LA-2/TOA = 1.1/0.7/1. Using Cyanex 923, only 5 min were needed to recover 99% of the pollutant from the aqueous stream, containing 0.5-2 g L(-1) phenol.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of infections after subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injections--using sterile needles--with or without prior disinfection of the skin. METHOD: Literature searches were made in the database Medline from 1966-June 2001, in the databases Picarta, Embase and the Cochrane Library, as well as manually in the reference lists of the collected articles. Original papers in English, Dutch or German were selected. RESULTS: Four relevant studies were found, generally of poor quality. In these two infections were reported after disinfecting the skin prior to over 2300 injections in 156 patients, and none were reported after not disinfecting the skin prior to over 7000 injections in more than 700 patients. CONCLUSION: Both disinfection prior to skin injections and omission of disinfection were followed by (almost) no infections.