PubMed · 10156969
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1996. Simple variance tracking programs yield better data and MD relations.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10156969/
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Musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) can survive at least 150 days of submergence in normoxic water at 3 degreesC, during which time there are large increases in packed cell volume (PCV). We investigated the effects of submergence in normoxic water at 3 degreesC on the blood viscosity of musk turtles from northern (Massachusetts) and southern (Alabama) locales. Blood was collected from air-breathing turtles and after 20, 50, 100, and 150 days of submergence in normoxic water at 3 degreesC. Hematological responses to submergence were similar in the two groups, therefore the results were combined. Packed cell volume increased steadily above that of controls after 20, 50, 100, and 150 days of submergence. Hemoglobin concentration also progressively increased above that of controls after 20, 50, and 100 days of submergence but declined to near control values after 150 days. Blood viscosity increased with increasing PCV; however, blood viscosity of musk turtles appears less affected by PCV than is blood viscosity of mammalian species. As such, musk turtles appear to be able to maintain adequate blood flow to tissues while increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood during prolonged submergence. However, after 150 days submergence, oxygen delivery should decrease due to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and an increased resistance to blood flow, which may limit the length of time these turtles can remain viable during hibernation.
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of a school-based dietary intervention program to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among fourth-graders. METHODS: Twenty-eight elementary schools were randomized to an immediate intervention condition or to a delayed intervention control condition. Measures of diet and psychosocial variables were collected at base line and 1 and 2 years post-baseline. The intervention included classroom, parent, and cafeteria components. RESULTS: Mean daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher for the intervention children compared with controls at Follow-up 1 (X(t) = 3.96, X(c) = 2.28) and at Follow-up 2 (X(t) = 3.20, X(c) = 2.21). Macro- and micronutrient changes favoring the intervention children were also observed at both Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2. Mean daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher for intervention parents compared with controls at Follow-up 1 (X(t) = 4.23,X(c) = 3.94) but not at Follow-up 2. CONCLUSIONS: Strong effects were found for the High 5 intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption, on macro- and micro-nutrients, and on psychosocial variables. Future work is needed to enhance the intervention effects on parents' consumption and to test the effectiveness of the intervention when delivered by classroom teachers.