How should a subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scale be determined? A combinatorial approach based solely on the Glasgow Coma Scale.

Abstract

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to present a combinatorial approach used to develop a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) grading scale based on the patient's preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. METHODS: There are 4094 different combinations that can be used to compress the 13 scores of the GCS into two to 12 grades. Break points, the positions in the scale in which two adjacent scores connote a significantly different outcome, are obtained by a direct comparison of the GCS and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Guided by the break points, the number of combinations to be considered can be limited. All possible combinations are statistically analyzed with respect to intergrade differences in outcome. Single combinations, with the maximum number of grades having maximum intergrade outcome differences for each corresponding set of adjacent grades, must be selected. The authors verified the validity of this combinatorial approach by retrospectively analyzing 1398 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH who underwent surgery within 7 days of the last hemorrhage episode. The patients' GCS scores were assessed just before surgery and their GOS scores were estimated 6 months post-SAH. The combinatorial approach yields only one acceptable grading scale: I (GCS Score 15); II (GCS Scores 11-14); III (GCS Scores 8-10); IV (GCS Scores 4-7); and V (GCS Score 3). CONCLUSIONS: The combinatorial approach, guided by the break points, is so simple and systematic that it can be used again in the future when revision of the grading scale becomes necessary after development of new and effective treatment modalities that improve patients' overall outcome.