PubMed · 10195370
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R Asero, G Mistrello, D Roncarolo, P Antoniotti, C Cislaghi, P Falagiani. 1999. A new apple extract.. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00922.x
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Aspergillus fumigatus has been implicated as the major pathogenic fungus causing Aspergillus-mediated disorders. It secretes complex glycoprotein antigens and allergens, which induce type I and type III mediated hypersensitivity reactions. The immune response to these allergens/antigens in allergic disorders is characterized by elevated levels of specific IgE, Th2 cytokines and eosinophilia. In the current study, the ability of negatively charged liposomes entrapped with glycoprotein antigens and allergens of A. fumigatus to modulate the immune response was studied. Immune response in mice was evaluated with both free and liposomal formulations. Liposome entrapped glycoprotein antigens/allergens of A. fumigatus elicited a Th1 type response with increased levels of TNF-alpha (5.5-folds), IFN-gamma (four-folds), specific IgG (three-folds) and IgG2a (2.4-folds), low titers of specific IgG1 (2.2-folds decrease) and IgE (three-folds decrease), and decreased peripheral eosinophilia by four-folds in comparison to mice receiving free glycoprotein allergens/antigens of A. fumigatus. Histopathological examination of lung tissue sections clearly indicated reduced eosinophil infiltration in mice immunized with liposomal formulations. These results suggest potential of liposomal formulations for A. fumigatus allergens/antigens for exploration in immunotherapy.
A detailed analysis has been carried out of the correlation between the signals detected by MRI in the rat lung after allergen or endotoxin challenge and parameters of inflammation determined in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. MRI signals after allergen correlated highly significantly with the BAL fluid eosinophil number, eosinophil peroxidase activity and protein concentration. Similar highly significant correlations were seen when the anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid, budesonide, manifested against allergen. In contrast, following endotoxin challenge, mucus was the sole BAL fluid parameter that correlated significantly with the long lasting signal detected by MRI. Since edema is an integral component of pulmonary inflammation, MRI provides a noninvasive means of monitoring the course of the inflammatory response and should prove invaluable in profiling anti-inflammatory drugs in vivo. Further, the prospect of noninvasively detecting a sustained mucus hypersecretory phenotype in the lung brings an important new perspective to models of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Exposure to chemicals in domestic and occupational settings may contribute to increases in asthma and allergy. Airway hypersensitivity (AHS) is T helper-2 (Th2) cell associated, whereas contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is T helper-1 (Th1) cell associated. The distinct cytokine profiles produced by these cells may provide a means of distinguishing respiratory sensitizers from contact sensitizers. In this study, female BALB/c mice were exposed twice on the flanks and three times on the ears using the airway sensitizer trimellitic anhydride (TMA) or the contact sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). At various times following exposure, total mRNA was extracted from draining lymph node cells and cytokine mRNA profiles analyzed using a multiprobe ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). The Th2 cytokines IL4, IL10, and IL13 were significantly increased in response to TMA compared to DNCB, with optimal detection occurring 14 days following initial exposure. To determine its effect, dose was varied in flank exposures, ear exposures, or both simultaneously. When dose was varied during flank exposures only, TMA induced higher levels of Th2 cytokines than DNCB at all doses tested. DNCB did not induce Th1 cytokines at any dose tested. Variation of TMA dose during both exposures similarly induced Th2 cytokines. Dose only appeared to be a factor when TMA concentration was varied during the ear exposures alone. Thus, these studies suggest that quantitative differences in Th2 responses between TMA and DNCB may be demonstrated over a wide range of doses and these differences may be detected by RPA following dermal exposure to these sensitizers.