PubMed · 10205568
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A Ames, L Akuna. 1999. Accidental needlesticks.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10205568/
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The European Commission has carried out a thorough review and assessment on whether pipelines conveying dangerous substances need a level of control similar to chemical installations, based on consideration of the hazards and risks and on accidents world-wide. The study examines whether sufficient controls already exist within the European Union (EU) Member States, considering the control philosophy of the 'Seveso II' Directive and the need to support development of pipeline networks across the EU taking into account the principles of sustainability. Community legislation would be supported by a set of criteria for the classification of Major-Accident Hazard Pipelines. Such criteria are examined for the onshore transmission pipelines in the EU. The Commission study has shown that there is a large variation in the degree to which Member States have comprehensive 'major-accident hazard' legislation on pipelines, and that existing legislation rarely addresses elements of the Safety Management System. The assessment, based on a proposed Pipeline Safety Instrument, indicates that there will be added value in a European Instrument drawing on the principles of Seveso II Directive concerning Safety Management System requirements.
It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, i.e. from the identification of problems to the identification of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform (1) an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology (IST) is needed, and (2) a technology options analysis (TOA) and to identify specific inherently safer options that will advance the adoption of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are less inherent safety risks. Experience gained from a methodology to encourage inherently safer production (ISP) in industrial firms in the Netherlands and Greece is discussed. Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and the capability to change. Implications for the EU Seveso, IPPC, and EMAS Directives are also discussed.
The introduction of new safety legislation in Russia has been accompanied by R&D into risk assessment, especially needed when dealing with high-toxicity substances. In the present article, two models for evaluation of the dose absorbed by recipients as a result of instantaneous releases and short-term continuous emissions of toxicant to the atmosphere are developed. The models have the form of definite integrals with Green's function. The numerical problem of evaluation of the absorbed dose with obtained models is reduced to the calculation of single definite integrals. It is shown that under similar initial conditions, the dose absorbed as a result of instantaneous discharge is greater than the dose resulting in a short-term continuous emission of toxicant. An interval approach is developed to estimate the sensitivity of the numerical results to the errors in empirical parameters and variables included in the models. On the base of introduced definitions of interval variables, interval vectors and interval functions, interval estimates for absorbed dose are developed. It is shown that there exists an optimal number of terms in empirical equations with inexact parameters. Numerical examples of interval analysis are given.