PubMed · 10304326
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1989. Batter up!. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10304326/
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We explore the phylogeny of the polygrammoid ferns using nucleotide sequences derived from three plastid loci for each of 98 selected species. Our analyses recovered four major monophyletic lineages: the loxogrammoids, two clades consisting of taxa restricted to the Old World, and a largely neotropical clade that also includes the pantropical Grammitidaceae. The loxogrammoid lineage diverges first and is sister to a large clade comprising the three remaining species-rich lineages. One paleotropical clade includes the drynarioid and selligueoid ferns, whereas the second paleotropical clade includes the platycerioids, lepisoroids, microsoroids, and their relatives. The grammitids nest within the neotropical clade, although the sister taxon of this circum-tropic, epiphytic group remains ambiguous. Microsorum and Polypodium, as traditionally defined, were recovered as polyphyletic. The relatively short branch lengths of the deepest clades contrast with the long branch lengths leading to the terminal groups. This suggests that the polygrammoid ferns arose through an old, rapid radiation. Our analysis also reveals that the rate of substitution in the grammitids is remarkably higher relative to other polygrammoids. Disparities in substitution rate may be correlated with one or more features characterizing grammitids, including species richness, chlorophyllous spores, and an extended gametophytic phase.
A taxonomy of alibis is proposed involving two forms of supporting proof: physical evidence and person evidence. Levels of physical evidence and person evidence were combined to create 12 cells in the taxonomy. Participants (n = 252), who were asked to assume the role of detectives, evaluated alibis representing these 12 cells. The believability of the alibis generally followed the taxonomy's predicted pattern, but physical evidence, when present, tended to overwhelm the person evidence more than had been expected. In addition, alibi evaluators seemed to not consider the possibility that a stranger who corroborated an alibi might be mistaken about the identity of the person. Trait inferences regarding the alibi providers tended to follow the believability data, even when the traits themselves were not relevant to believability of the alibi. We call for the development of a literature on the psychology of alibis, recommend the taxonomy as a framework, and suggest several avenues of inquiry.
The taxometric analytic procedures developed by P. E. Meehl and colleagues represent powerful statistical tools for use in the evaluation of observed quantitative data for the possible existence of a qualitative latent class, natural subgroup, or, more commonly, a taxon. Taxometric methods, like any other statistical procedures, require thoughtful application, and the responsibility for proper interpretation of the results from a taxometric study lies with the investigator. Any investigator using taxometric methods must be mindful of those substantive and methodological issues that will facilitate the most fruitful utilization of the general taxometric approach, as well as those issues that will handicap or, perhaps, fatally flaw a taxometric investigation. A number of these issues are highlighted and discussed in this article, and a reader's, writer's, and reviewer's guide for the evaluation of taxometric research reports is provided.