PubMed Health⌕ Search
Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 10429539

[Point of view on doping].

R Naeije·A Pagnamenta
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Doping is defined as the administration of or use by competing athletes of any substance foreign to the body or of any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition. The prevalence of doping has been estimated by rigorous methods to be 5-15%. The only two dopings of established efficacy are: anabolic steroids for resistive performance, and blood doping for endurance performance. Although medical control of athletes is reputably poor, reported accidents attributable to doping have been until now very rare. Doping is unfair, and must as such be banned from competitions. Medicalized doping is unethical. More studies are required to improve knowledge of doping as a public health issue. Sports medicine is in need of scientific and moral revalorization.

Explore related subjects

Anabolic AgentsBlood TransfusionDoping in SportsErythropoietinEthics, MedicalHematocritHumansPrevalenceSports MedicineEnglish AbstractJournal ArticleReview

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

R Naeije, A Pagnamenta. 1999. [Point of view on doping].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10429539/

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2007

Urinary excretion of 5(10)-estrene-3beta,17alpha-diol and estrone by the female horse: complementary indicators of early pregnancy screened with regard to a putative anabolic doping practice.

Rules of horse racing stipulate that pregnant mares may compete under definite conditions of date, because early pregnant status may be misused for the sake of enhancing physical performance by putative anabolic steroid action. Screening for pregnancy is generally performed by plasma equine gonadotrophin (eCG) immunoassay, which covers the period between Days 40 and 120. In common screening for urinary anabolic steroids performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, inclusion of two complementary criteria, i.e. the evaluation of total conjugates of 5(10)-estrene-3beta,17alpha-diol (EED) and estrone (E1), can easily be performed. Although EED and E1 have no anabolic property per se in the horse, assessing these two markers may be helpful in the period comprised between Days 70 and 250, thereby prolonging the detection period behind that of eCG. Peak values of EED and E1 are then attained, so that visual inspection of chromatographic tracings remains in general sufficient as a diagnostic tool. Comparison of EED and E1 during pregnancy and in an estrus cycle indicates a drastic difference in the attained excretion values, attributable to either the placenta or the ovarian follicle. The identity of EED has been proven by GC-MS(n) in urine and in placental tissue.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed2007

High amounts of 17-methylated anabolic-androgenic steroids in effervescent tablets on the dietary supplement market.

In numerous studies it has been demonstrated that several nutritional supplements contain prohormones not declared on the label. In the current study two products (effervescent tablets) containing high amounts of the 17-methylated anabolic androgenic steroids metandienone (product 1: 16.8 mg/tablet) and stanozolol (product 2: 14.5 mg/tablet) were identified. Additionally in both products norandrostenedione was detected, in product 2 with minor amounts of several other steroids. The substances identified can cause enormous health risks. In addition, the use of the analyzed tablets can lead to positive doping results for metabolites of the respective steroids in sports. This study again shows the insufficient surveillance of the production and trade of dietary supplements. Consumers should be aware of the enormous health and doping risks connected with the use of such products. For GC-MS identification of the analytes the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the steroids and the mixed N-t-butyldimethylsilyl,O-trimethylsilyl derivatives were used. The quantitation of metandienone, norandrostenedione, and stanozolol was performed using HPLC-DAD.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed2007

Immunotoxicity of trenbolone acetate in Japanese quail.

Trenbolone acetate is a synthetic androgen that is currently used as a growth promoter in many meat-exporting countries. Despite industry laboratories classifying trenbolone as nonteratogenic, data showed that embryonic exposure to this androgenic chemical altered development of the immune system in Japanese quail. Trenbolone is lipophilic, persistent, and released into the environment in manure used as soil fertilizer. This is the first study to date to assess this chemical's immunotoxic effects in an avian species. A one-time injection of trenbolone into yolks was administered to mimic maternal deposition, and subsequent effects on the development and function of the immune system were determined in chicks and adults. Development of the bursa of Fabricius, an organ responsible for development of the humoral arm of the immune system, was disrupted, as indicated by lower masse, and smaller and fewer follicles at day 1 of hatch. Morphological differences in the bursas persisted in adults, although no differences in either two measures of immune function were observed. Total numbers of circulating leukocytes were reduced and heterophil-lymphocyte ratios were elevated in chicks but not adults. This study shows that trenbolone acetate is teratogenic and immunotoxic in Japanese quail, and provides evidence that the quail immune system may be fairly resilient to embryonic endocrine-disrupting chemical-induced alterations following no further exposure posthatch.

Anabolic Agents↗