PubMed · 10455650
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
I G Finlay. 1999. [An efficient method to reduce odors].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10455650/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
OBJECTIVES: The oral combined formulation of levonorgestrel with estradiol valerate (LNG+EV) has demonstrated to be effective on some postmenopausal symptoms. The availability of a transdermal HRT in sequential formulation with 17-beta-estradiol plus levonorgestrel (TSE2+TSLNG) induced us to do this control-study with the aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of both oral and transdermal treatments. METHODS: At baseline, the psychological symptoms with the psychometric scale SCL-90, the bone resorption with the measurement of the urinary levels of pyridinoline and dexoxypirydinoline, and the insulin and lipid metabolism were assessed in 30 postmenopausal women (PMW) and in 18 premenopausal women. Then, the PMW women were randomly divided in three groups: group A (N=10) assumed EV+LNG, group B (N=10) did not assume any treatment, group C (N=10) was treated with TSE2+TSLNG. The length of the study was 12 months. The aforementioned assessments were repeated at different time-intervals up to the end of the study. RESULTS: The total score of SCL-90, the bone resorption, the levels of LDL-cholesterol, total-cholesterol and the parameters of insulin metabolism were higher in PMW than in premenopausal women. During the study, the SCL-90, the bone resorption, total-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels significantly decreased only in the groups A and C. By contrast, in the group B bone resorption significantly increased at the 12th month. During the treatments, insulin metabolism did not change in the groups A and B. In the group C the secretion of C-peptide and the C-peptide:insulin ratio after OGTT were significantly higher at the 12th month than before treatment. In all groups the endometrium thickness did not change during the study. CONCLUSION: A 12-month of either oral or transdermal HRT containing levonorgestrel seems to exert beneficial effects on the main postmenopausal symptoms without negative interferences on the endometrium.
In order to compare the ability of transcutaneous and oral immunization strategies to induce mucosal and systemic immune responses, we inoculated mice transcutaneously with cholera toxin (CT) or the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB), or orally with Peru2(pETR1), an attenuated vaccine strain of Vibrio cholerae expressing CtxB. In addition, we also evaluated dual immunization regimens (oral inoculation with transcutaneous boosting, and transcutaneous immunization with oral boosting) in an attempt to optimize induction of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. We found that transcutaneous immunization with purified CtxB or CT induces much more prominent systemic IgG anti-CtxB responses than does oral inoculation with a vaccine vector strain of V. cholerae expressing CtxB. In comparison, anti-CtxB IgA in serum, stool and bile were comparable in mice either transcutaneously or orally immunized. Overall, the most prominent systemic and mucosal anti-CtxB responses occurred in mice that were orally primed with Peru2(pETR1) and transcutaneously boosted with CT. Our results suggest that combination oral and transcutaneous immunization strategies may most prominently induce both mucosal and systemic humoral responses.
This work evaluated the in vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tritiated estradiol from ultradeformable liposomes compared with saturated aqueous solution (control). Effects of current density and application time on tritium exchange with water were also determined. Penetration studies used three Protocols. Protocol I involved occluded passive steady state estradiol penetration from ultradeformable liposomes and control. The effect of current densities on drug penetration rates was also assessed (Protocol II). In Protocol III, three consecutive stages of drug penetration (first passive, iontophoresis and second passive) through the same human epidermal membranes were monitored. Such an experimental design investigated the possible effect of high current density (0.8 mA/cm(2)) on skin integrity. The tritium exchange study showed that extent of exchange correlated well with current density and time of application, with some shielding of estradiol by the liposomal structure. Liposomes enhanced estradiol passive penetration after occlusion. Protocol II showed that estradiol flux increased linearly with current density, although being delivered against electroosmotic flow. In Protocol III, reduction in flux of the second passive stage to near that of the first reflected a reversibility of the structural changes induced in skin by current.