PubMed · 10475521
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V Chadha, S D Shenoi. 1999. Allergic contact dermatitis from dithranol.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06114.x
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Thirty-four flea-infested dogs and cats residing in 20 homes in Tampa, FL were randomly placed into 1 of 2 treatment groups during the summer of 1997. Pets were treated topically with either 10.0%w/v imidacloprid or 10%w/v fipronil spot-on on day 0, then once for every 28-30 days for 90 days. Flea populations were assessed in the environment using an intermittent-light trap, while pet flea burdens were assessed using visual area counts. A single application of imidacloprid was 95.3 and 97.4% effective in reducing flea populations on pets at 7 and 28 days, respectively. A single application of fipronil was 97.5 and 97.0% effective in reducing flea populations on pets at the same time points. Following 3 monthly applications of either imidacloprid or fipronil, flea burdens on pets were reduced by 99.5 and 96.5%, respectively. In addition, flea numbers in the in-home environment were reduced by 99. 0 and 98.6% in homes, where pets were treated with imidacloprid or fipronil, respectively.
The efficacy of ear tags containing 30% chlorfenapyr (total tag weight=13g) to control natural Haematobia irritans (L.) infestations was evaluated for Holstein heifers in Rafaela, province of Santa Fe, Argentina. A group of heifers (TG) was treated with two ear tags (one tag per ear). A control group (ACG) was maintained in a paddock adjacent to the TG paddock and, a distant control group (DCG) was maintained 700m apart from the other groups. From day 4 to day 98 after treatment, H. irritans infestations of ACG were significantly higher (P<0.05, test of Kruskal-Wallis) than the corresponding infestation of TG, but significantly lower than infestation in DCG, probably due to the proximity of TG. The chlorfenapyr control period, with an efficacy higher than 90% to reduce horn fly populations, lasted for 9 weeks when TG infestation was compared to fly numbers in ACG, but increased to 12 weeks in comparison to DCG. The results of this study show that ear tags impregnated with chlorfenapyr are a useful alternative to pyrethroids and organo-phosphate compounds for horn fly control.
The innate immune system provides rapid and effective host defense against microbial invasion in a manner that is independent of prior exposure to a given pathogen. It has long been appreciated that the blood contains important elements that mediate rapid responses to infection. Thus, anatomic compartments with ample blood supply are less frequently infected and recover more readily once infected, whereas regions with poor perfusion are prone to severe infection and may require surgical debridement. Blood-borne innate immune mediators are either carried in circulating blood cells (ie, leukocytes and platelets) or in plasma after release from blood cells or on secretion by the liver. (Blood. 2000;96:2664-2672)