PubMed · 10506983
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G Orlandini, N Ronda, R Gatti, G C Gazzola, A Borghetti. 1999. Receptor-ligand internalization.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(99)07022-6
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Protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascades are difficult to analyze and are critical for cell signaling in higher eukaryotes. Methodology for profiling tyrosine phosphorylation, considered herein as the assignment of multiple protein tyrosine phosphorylation sites in single analyses, was reported recently (Salomon, A. R.; Ficarro, S. B.; Brill, L. M.; Brinker, A.; Phung, Q. T.; Ericson, C.; Sauer, K.; Brock, A.; Horn, D. M.; Schultz, P. G.; Peters, E. C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 443-448). The technology platform included the use of immunoprecipitation, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. In the present report, we show that when using complex mixtures of peptides from human cells, methylation improved the selectivity of IMAC for phosphopeptides and eliminated the acidic bias that occurred with unmethylated peptides. The IMAC procedure was significantly improved by desalting methylated peptides, followed by gradient elution of the peptides to a larger IMAC column. These improvements resulted in assignment of approximately 3-fold more tyrosine phosphorylation sites, from human cell lysates, than the previous methodology. Nearly 70 tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from proteins in human T cells were assigned in single analyses. These proteins had unknown functions or were associated with a plethora of fundamental cellular processes. This robust technology platform should be broadly applicable to profiling the dynamics of tyrosine phosphorylation.
The determination of placental fatty acid metabolism using stable isotope-labeled tracers was investigated in the human placental choriocarcinoma (JAR) cell line. Stable isotope incorporation was measured by MDGC-MS. The cultured trophoblast cells incorporated and metabolized the essential fatty acids to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The described method enables the detection of a low Delta(6)-desaturase activity in this human placental cell line. The developed MDGC-MS method allows the assessment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in cultured cells with high sensitivity and selectivity. In this respect, tracer studies with MDGC-MS will be a powerful tool to clarify the significance of placental fatty acid metabolism.
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon system is a potent tool for understanding the mechanisms of HCV replication and proliferation, and for the development of treatments for patients with HCV. Recently, we established an HCV subgenomic replicon (50-1) using HCV genome RNA obtained from the cultured human T cell line MT-2C infected with HCV (isolate 1B-1) in vitro. In order to further obtain other HCV replicons without difficulty, we generated a replicon RNA library derived from human non-neoplastic hepatocytes infected with HCV (isolate 1B-2) in vitro. Upon transfection of the generated RNA library to "cured cells," from which the 50-1 subgenomic replicon was eliminated by prolonged treatment with interferon-alpha, we successfully established a new HCV subgenomic replicon, 1B-2R1. We characterized 1B-2R1 replicon in terms of efficiency of replication, HCV sequence, and sensitivity to interferons. The results revealed that the replication level of the 1B-2R1 replicon was comparable to that of the 50-1 replicon. We also found that the 1B-2R1 replicon possessed an HCV sequence distinct from those of other replicons established to date, and that the 1B-2R1 replicon was sensitive to interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interferon-gamma. Taken together, present results indicate that the replicon RNA library generated using an in vitro HCV infection system is useful for the establishment of an HCV subgenomic replicon.