PubMed · 10514784
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Efficient and effective whole-genome 10-cM short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) scans are now available. Doubling or tripling STRP density to an average spacing of 3-5 cM is readily achievable. However, if typing costs for diallelic polymorphisms can be brought close to, or preferably less than, one-third those of STRPs, then diallelics may gradually supplement or supplant STRPs in whole-genome scans. The power of higher density genome scans for gene map ping by association and for many other research and clinical applications is great. It would be wise to continue investing heavily for many years in genotyping technology.
This article is a review of the approaches published between 1996 and 1999 that have been used to forecast human resource requirements for nursing. Much of the work to date generally does not consider the complex factors that influence health human resources (HHR). They also do not consider the effect of HHR decisions on population health, provider outcomes such as stress, and the cost of a decision made. Supply and demand approaches have dominated. Forecasting is limited, too, by the availability of reliable and valid data bases for examining supply and use of nursing personnel across sectors. Three models--needs based, utilization based, and effective demand based--provide substantially different estimates of future HHR need. The methods of analysis employed for forecasting range from descriptive to predictive and are borrowed from demography, epidemiology, economics, and industrial engineering. Simulation models offer the most promise for the future. The forecasting methods described have demonstrated their accuracy and usefulness for specific situations, but none has proven accurate for long-term forecasting or for estimating needs for large geographical areas or populations.