PubMed · 10543157
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N Takeda. 1999. [Cotinine].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10543157/
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A method is proposed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from alkalinized sample with ethyl ether and concentrated to minimum volume with nitrogen stream. The volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of acetic acid to the organic solvent during evaporation. Peak shapes and quantitation of nicotine and cotinine are excellent, with linear calibration curves over a wide range of 1-10,000 ng/ml. The detection limits of nicotine and cotinine are 0.2 ng/ml in urine and 1.0 ng/ml in plasma and saliva. The intra-day precision of nicotine and cotinine in all samples was <5% relative standard deviation (RSD). Urine, plasma and saliva samples of 303 non-smoking and 41 smoking volunteers from a girl's high school in Korea were quantified by the described procedure. As a result, the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in plasma ranged from 6 to 498 ng/ml and 4 to 96 ng/ml. Otherwise, those of nicotine and cotinine in saliva ranged from 0 to 207 ng/ml and 0 to 42 ng/ml, and those of nicotine and cotinine in urine ranged from 0 to 1,590 ng/ml and 0 to 2,986 ng/ml, respectively. We found that the concentration of cotinine in plasma was successfully predicted from the salivary cotinine concentration by the equation y=2.31x+4.76 (x=the concentration of cotinine in saliva, y=the concentration of cotinine in plasma). The results show that through the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva, the risk of ETS-exposed human can be predicted.
OBJECTIVE: To compare lung concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and controls. DESIGN/METHODS: We measured lung tissue concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in SIDS (n = 44) and non-SIDS cases (n = 29) stratified according to household smoking status. RESULTS: When all the SIDS and non-SIDS cases were compared regardless of smoking status, there was a significantly higher nicotine concentration in the SIDS cases than in the non-SIDS cases, (P =.0001). Upon stratifying for smoking status, there was a nonsignificant trend toward more nicotine in SIDS versus non-SIDS lungs that had come from a reported smoking environment. In the nonsmoking group, there were significantly higher nicotine concentrations in SIDS than non-SIDS cases (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Children who died from SIDS tended to have higher concentrations of nicotine in their lungs than control children, regardless of whether smoking was reported. These results are based on an objective, biochemical test rather than history, and they further support the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of SIDS.
OBJECTIVE: To biochemically measure and compare the prevalence of maternal smoking by trimester in a cross-section of pregnant women residing in Christchurch, New Zealand, during 1997. METHODS: Residual sera from routinely collected blood samples drawn in early and late pregnancy over a 12-month period, 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997, was accumulated and anonymously assayed. Cotinine levels were measured by an ELISA test with a result greater than 14 ng/mL indicative of active smoking. RESULTS: Analysis was conducted upon 4,178 samples collected from 3,082 women. Adjusted cotinine validated smoking rates in the first, second and third trimesters were 26.8% (95% CI 24.5-29.2%), 25.0% (95% CI 22.3-27.8%) and 23.0% (95% CI 20.8-25.2%), respectively. This represents an absolute reduction in smoking rates of 4.7% (p = 0.02), 6.6% (p = 0.04) and 3.8% (p = 0.04) for the first, second and third trimesters, respectively, among pregnant women in Christchurch since 1994. CONCLUSION: Smoke reduction and cessation programs implemented locally and nationally have been effective in significantly reducing the biochemically measured prevalence of maternal smoking in pregnancy within a three-year period. IMPLICATIONS: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is an important yet preventable factor affecting rates of prenatal, perinatal and paediatric morbidity and mortality. Reliable and repeated surveys of pregnant women are necessary to accurately measure changes in the maternal smoking prevalence and determine the efficacy of smoke reduction and cessation programs.