PubMed · 10559131
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D M Williams, A Wessell, T P Brock. 1999. The Doser external counting device.. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.116.5.1499
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The role of Th2/CD4 T cells, which secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, in allergic disease is well established; however, the role of CD8(+) T cells (allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation) is less clear. This study was conducted to define the role of Ag-primed CD8(+) T cells in the development of these allergen-induced responses. CD8-deficient (CD8(-/-)) mice and wild-type mice were sensitized to OVA by i.p. injection and then challenged with OVA via the airways. Compared with wild-type mice, CD8(-/-) mice developed significantly lower airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine and lung eosinophilia, and exhibited decreased IL-13 production both in vivo, in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and in vitro, following Ag stimulation of peribronchial lymph node (PBLN) cells in culture. Reconstitution of sensitized and challenged CD8(-/-) mice with allergen-sensitized CD8(+) T cells fully restored the development of AHR, BAL eosinophilia, and IL-13 levels in BAL and in culture supernatants from PBLN cells. In contrast, transfer of naive CD8(+) T cells or allergen-sensitized CD8(+) T cells from IL-13-deficient donor mice failed to do so. Intracellular cytokine staining of lung as well as PBLN T cells revealed that CD8(+) T cells were a source of IL-13. These data suggest that Ag-primed CD8(+) T cells are required for the full development of AHR and airway inflammation, which appears to be associated with IL-13 production from these primed T cells.
Most dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations rely on lactose monohydrate as a carrier in the drug powder blends. However, lactose cannot be used for compounds that interact with the reducing sugar function of the lactose, such as formoterol, budesonide or peptides and proteins. In this study, alternative carriers like mannitol, glucose, sorbitol, maltitol and xylitol have therefore been evaluated for their potential use in DPI formulations. Raw materials were characterised physico-chemically and blends with the model drug substance budesonide were tested with respect to the aerosolization behaviour of the powders. It was found out that similarly to the problems known for lactose monohydrate, such as supplier variability, variability between different qualities of one supplier, the same difficulties apply to the alternative carriers investigated. Different sources and qualities of mannitol led to significant differences in the fine particle fraction (FPF), varying from 15 to 50% for two different qualities of mannitol. Similar observations were made for the other carrier materials studied. Also, the influence of conditioning the raw material at different relative humidity was found to have substantial influence on the performance of drug/carrier blends which is characterised by a strong decrease in the FPF. In summary, mannitol showed potential as a drug carrier to be used in DPIs whereas the more hygroscopic sugars only showed poor dispersibility.
BACKGROUND: A toxic encephalopathy (or 'lead encephalopathy') may arise from leaded gasoline abuse that is characterised by tremor, hallucinations, nystagmus, ataxia, seizures and death. This syndrome requires emergency and intensive hospital treatment. METHODS: We compared neurological and cognitive function between chronic gasoline abusers with (n=15) and without (n=15) a history of leaded gasoline encephalopathy, and with controls who had never abused gasoline (n=15). RESULTS: Both groups of chronic gasoline abusers had abused gasoline for the same length of time and compared to controls, showed equivalently elevated blood lead levels and cognitive abnormalities in the areas of visuo-spatial attention, recognition memory and paired associate learning. However, where gasoline abusers with no history of leaded gasoline encephalopathy showed only mild movement abnormalities, gasoline abusers with a history of leaded gasoline encephalopathy showed severe neurological impairment that manifest as higher rates of gait ataxia, abnormal rapid finger tapping, finger to nose movements, dysdiadochokinesia and heel to knee movements, increased deep tendon reflexes and presence of a palmomental reflex. CONCLUSIONS: While neurological and cognitive functions are disrupted by chronic gasoline abuse, leaded gasoline encephalopathy is associated with additional and long-lasting damage to cortical and cerebellar functions.