Refined high-field NMR solution structure of a binary-addressed pyrene/perfluoro-azide complementary DNA oligonucleotide system shows extensive distortion in the central nick region.

Abstract

The structural analysis of the photoactivated binary system of complementary-addressing nucleic acid sequences (1:2:3) by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics is reported. The binary system comprised a 12 base-pair target DNA sequence, pdGTATCAGTTTCT (1), and two hexanucleotides, (dAGAAACp-L-Az (2) and Pyr-pdTGATAC (3)), complementary to neighbouring sites in the target DNA. Oligonucleotide (2) is conjugated with a p-azidotetrafludrobenzyl group (Az) via a linker group (L), and the other oligonucleotide (3) is equipped with the photosensitizing pyrenyl-1-methylamino group (Pyr). We now extend the structural analysis of 1:2:3, which was previously based on qualitative 2D 1H-NMR data and thermodynamic analysis of complex formation from UV-visible thermal denaturation experiments. In the current work structural refinement was performed by separate molecular dynamics runs for six different starting structures based on 318 proton-proton distance-range constraints, evaluated from the 1H-NOESY spectrum (tau(mix) = 200 ms, 600 MHz) using complete relaxation matrix analysis (NMR/TRIAD/MARDIGRAS). Additional Watson-Crick hydrogen bond restraints were included in the calculations based on the detected signals from the exchangeable protons, using REFOPT(NY) methods. The final averaged structure obtained from the six refined co-ordinate sets showed a considerable degree of axis bend (62.5 degrees) with the bending point in the middle of the duplex in the region of the backbone nick between the two short oligonucleotides. The complex behaves dynamically as the equivalent of two short B-DNA-like duplexes displaying a hinge-like flexing at their junction. In all final structures the Pyr function location was very restricted, the aromatic group lying in the duplex minor groove near residues 4T, 5C and 2T. In contrast, the location of the perfluoroazido group was different in all the final structures, indicating the high flexibility of this group in the duplex. The only feature common to all six final azido group orientations was the outside location on the side of the major groove. The distance between the Pyr and Az groups varied from 11 A to 24 A for the six final structures (17 A, final average structure). The dynamics of duplex denaturation for 1:2:3 was probed by monitoring the temperature-induced NMR line broadening of the imino protons in a 1D variable temperature NMR experiment. The melting of 1:2:3 starts both from the ends and from the middle part of the duplex at the backbone break between the two short oligonucleotides reflecting the destabilisation of the pyrene-arylazido nick region in the duplex.