PubMed · 1058586
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L Hupfauf. 1975-01-25. [Forensic problems in prosthodontics].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1058586/
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the influence of arctic conditions on the occurrence of accidents especially from the point of view of the interaction between environment, activity and man. Special attention is paid to risk assessment, risk taking and risk compensation. According to the danger factor theory frostbites should be extremely common in arctic regions, but in reality serious frostbites appear rarely in accident statistics. This finding supports the interactive accident theories. Instead cold can be a contributing factor in accident and injury causation and the effect of cold is most often indirect. Frostbites can occur e.g. as a result of an accident, losing one's way because of darkness, snow storm etc., wet clothes, unexpected temperature changes, disease attack, alcohol-induced reasons such as immobility or excess risk taking etc. Temperatures below and above +20 degrees C increase unsafe behavior. In the Arctic it is impossible to remove all the potentially dangerous factors, because many typical features of working and living conditions are regulated by natural forces, the seasons etc. This makes accurate risk assessment and prediction especially important in accident prevention. If the person does not recognize the situations in which the risk factors exist, he/she cannot implement precautionary steps at the right moment and hence cannot avoid risks. Moreover, if better and safer machines, equipment and tools get people to take greater risks, the accident situation can even become worse.
The aim of this study was to ascertain the use of four-wheeled all-terrain vehicles in Finland and estimate the safety in driving a four-wheeler. According to the importers there are about 3,000 four-wheelers in use in Finland. A questionnaire was sent to the owners of four-wheelers (n = 185), in which questions were asked about their use, protection used when driving, accidents that had occurred and suggestions for developing four-wheelers. One hundred three answers (response rate 56%) were received. The respondents reported minor injuries (15%) and dangerous situations: the four-wheeler had fallen over (35%) and the driver had fallen off the four-wheeler (20%). The accidents and dangerous situations were concentrated to occupational users who drove a lot in poor terrain. Four-wheeler driving was estimated to be more dangerous than snowmobile driving. According to the answers the most efficient measures to improve safety would be the use of a safety helmet and high boots when driving as well as the enforcement of an age limit for the driver. The technical properties of the four-wheelers could also be developed e.g. the leg room, foot board and protective roll bar.
We have eleven years of experience delivering a wide variety of worker education programs in cross-cultural settings to reduce the levels of occupational fatalities and injuries in Alaska. We published an instructional manual and informational poster for workers, on Alaska's "Right-To-Know" law regarding chemical and physical hazards. The "Job Hazard Recognition Program" curriculum for high school students has received national acclaim for being proactive in dealing with worker safety education before the student becomes a member of the work force. Adult educational programs and materials have been designed to include less lecture and formal presentation, and more practical "hands on" and on-the-job experience for specific trades and hazards. New industry specific manuals deal with hazardous waste reduction as a method to reduce harm to the employee. Difficulty in getting instructors and training equipment to rural locations is dealt with by becoming creative in scheduling classes, using locally available equipment, and finding regional contacts who support the overall program. Alternative approaches to funding sources include building on regional long-term plans and establishing complementary program objectives.