PubMed · 10635818
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T Hamamoto. 1999. [beta-D-glucan].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10635818/
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The development of rice fertility is a complex process, which is precisely regulated by numerous genes. In this study, we cloned and characterized OsPAIP11, a PABP-interacting protein that functions as an auxiliary factor in translation initiation. The ospaip11 exhibited multiple defects, including impaired callose synthesis, delayed tapetum apoptosis, and abnormal pollen wall development, which are essentially consistent with the phenotype of the allelic mutant dcet1. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that OsPAIP11 is localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Interestingly, further investigation demonstrated that the RRM2 domain of OsPAIP11 exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Moreover, OsPAIP11 directly binds to the promoter of the callose synthesis-related genes GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE 5 (OsGSL5) and OsGAMYB, thereby regulating their transcription and influencing callose biosynthesis during pollen development. Additionally, OsPAIP11 also interacts with the translation initiation factor and auxiliary factors. These findings suggest that OsPAIP11 modulates male fertility primarily by regulating the transcription of callose synthesis-related genes and may also participate in the translation process.
Extraneal peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution (Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, Illinois, U.S.A.) contains glucose polymer (icodextrin) as an osmotic agent in place of dextrose. We investigated the ability of Extraneal to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro compared to standard PD solutions containing dextrose. Extraneal, Dianeal PD-2 [1.5%, 2.5%, or 4.25% dextrose (Baxter Healthcare)], or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were incubated for 45 days with human serum albumin (HSA) or type IV collagen. AGE formation was measured by spectrofluorometry using excitation at 350 nm and emission at 430 nm. Solutions were also incubated with collagen affixed to plastic, simulating matrix collagen in the peritoneal membrane. In addition, AGE formation was assessed using icodextrin metabolites (maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose) at concentrations normally found in the plasma of patients treated using icodextrin. For PD solutions incubated with albumin, the relative order of AGE formation was: 4.25% dextrose > 2.5% dextrose > 1.5% dextrose > Extraneal. For incubations with collagen (in solution or affixed to plastic), AGE formation was greatest for 4.25% dextrose, intermediate for Extraneal and 2.5% dextrose, and lowest for 1.5% dextrose. Incubation of icodextrin metabolites with albumin for 45 days did not result in appreciable AGE formation. These results confirm that solutions containing icodextrin result in less in vitro AGE formation than do high dextrose solutions. The results also suggest that Extraneal may lead to improved solution biocompatibility in vivo.
Microbial exopolysaccharides such as xanthan and dextran have been commercial products for many years; the search for new gelling agents has yielded gellan. Exopolysaccharides have many other novel properties to offer, and the discovery of immune modulation and tumouristasis by beta-D-glucans, and the use of bacterial cellulose in audio membranes and of hyaluronic acid in cosmetics provide some novel applications. Semisynthetic polymers and polysaccharides as sources of oligosaccharides and as enzyme substrates in the determination of enzyme specificity should further increase the interest in these macromolecules.