PubMed · 10694068
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M S Kavic. Laparoscopy at the millennium.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10694068/
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In this article, methods for estimating surface tension are considered where the specific gravity and normal boiling point are known such as when the composition is expressed using petroleum fractions. This is of interest as surface tension is an important parameter in the calculation of outflow conditions from a two-phase vessel undergoing level swell. A new improved correlation for the parachor is presented and the improved accuracy of the surface tension and bubble rise velocity compared to when the original parachor correlation is used is assessed. Finally the sensitivity of outflow predictions to changes in the surface tension is presented for a depressurising vessel containing pentane. For the vessel depressurisation simulation where the original parachor correlation is used, two-phase venting is maintained for two-three times as long compared to when the actual parachor or improved parachor correlation is used to estimate the surface tension. This has an impact on the error in predicting the mass flow rate as a source condition for other consequence models and also in vent sizing calculations.
TODAY: The management of heart failure (HF) has considerably progressed over the last two decades. Treatment today relies on prevention and treatment of congestion (limited salt intake, diuretics, converting enzyme inhibitors) and limiting neurohormone stimulation (converting enzyme inhibitors +/- aldactone, beta-blockers). IN THE YEARS TO COME: Based on new concepts, several therapeutic strategies are interesting: blocking over vasoconstrictor systems which have not been taking into account; stimulation of vasodilator and natriuretic systems; modulation of cardiac remodelling; modulation of the immune and inflammatory systems; modification in intrinsic contractility; prevention of rhythm disorders. Among these differing strategies and molecules, it is not easy to predict those that will change the HF prognosis. In any event, their efficacy and safety remain to be demonstrated with large cohort randomised studies. THE PRINCIPLES: To reduce the number of drugs administered, two options appear particularly interesting: measurement of hormone levels (BNP) in order to adjust treatment and administration of molecules with greatest efficacy and safety profiles; limit cardiac remodelling by using new imaging techniques to detect it more precisely and select the molecule(s) exerting the required effect. To target the new molecules better, patients should be classified according to their etiology, stage and progressive profile of their disease, cardiac remodelling, expression of principle endocrine systems and pro-inflammatory cytokines, expression of inflammatory and immune systems and inherent genetic characteristics and response to treatment. This would permit the adaptation of treatment to each individual patient with heart failure.
The understanding of the control of metabolic flux in plants requires integrated mathematical formulations of gene and protein expression, enzyme kinetics, and developmental biology. Plants have a large number of metabolically active compartments, and non-steady-state conditions are frequently encountered. Consequently steady-state metabolic flux balance and isotopic flux balance modeling approaches have limited utility in probing plant metabolic systems. Transient isotopic flux analysis and kinetic modeling are powerful proven techniques for the quantification of metabolic fluxes in compartmentalized, dynamic metabolic systems. These tools are now widely used to address metabolic flux responses to environmental and genetic perturbations in plant metabolism. Continued developments in isotopic and kinetic modeling, quantifying metabolite exchange between compartments, and transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms governing enzyme level and activity will enable simulation of large sections of plant metabolism under non-steady-state conditions. Metabolic control analysis will continue to make substantial contributions to the understanding of quantitative distribution of control of flux. From the synergy between mathematical models and experiments, creative methods for controlling the distribution of flux by genetic or environmental means will be discovered and rationally implemented.