Technological progress in ultrasonography.

Abstract

Technical progress in ultrasonography (US) is especially rapid now, due to continuing advances in transducer design, signal processing techniques, and Doppler technology. A number of important technical breakthroughs have been made in the past decade. Among these, multidimensional array transducers, harmonic imaging, miniaturized transducers, extended field-of-view imaging, hand-carried ultrasound units, three-dimensional (3-D) US, and ultrasound contrast agents are the most remarkable innovations. Improved spatial and contrast resolution allows delineation of anatomic details and increases diagnostic accuracy and confidence. Miniaturized transducers can be used to image tiny or superficial structures in the human body, and can guide the surgeon to the problem site. Extended field-of-view imaging provides a larger field for demonstration of pathology in certain anatomic locations. Hand-carried US units are used widely in a physician's office or in remote areas, and bring high-quality medical imaging to the bedside. 3-D US has already shown significant benefits in perinatology; with further improvements in real-time imaging technology, 3-D US will emerge as an important adjunct to conventional 2-D US. In conjunction with harmonic imaging technology and Doppler technology, US contrast agents allow more powerful anatomic and functional evaluation of human organs. They may also play important therapeutic roles in the near future. Advancing computer technology is expected to lead to more important break-throughs in the next 5 to 10 years.