PubMed · 10893826
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2000-06-09. Hepatitis C lookback exercise.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10893826/
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Latent infection with bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5) was established in rabbits inoculated with two South American isolates (EVI-88 and 613) by intranasal or conjunctival routes. Nine rabbits (613, 8/27; EVI-88, 1/34) developed neurological disease and died during acute infection and other three (613, n=2; EVI-88, n=1) developed a delayed neurological disease, at days 34, 41 and 56 post-inoculation (p.i.). Between days 56 and 62 p.i., the remaining rabbits were submitted to five daily administrations of dexamethasone (Dx) to reactivate the infection. Twenty-five out of 44 rabbits (56.8%) shed virus in nasal or ocular secretions after Dx treatment. Virus shedding was first detected at day two post-Dx and lasted from one to 11 days. The highest frequencies of virus reactivation were observed in rabbits inoculated conjunctivally (10/15 versus 15/29); and among rabbits infected with isolate 613 (12/16 versus 13/28). Virus reactivation upon Dx treatment was accompanied by neurological disease in nine rabbits (20.4%), resulting in six deaths (13.6%). Virus in moderate titers and mild to moderate non-suppurative inflammatory changes in the brain characterized the neurological infection. Three other rabbits showed severe neurological signs followed by death after 31 to 54 days of Dx treatment. Virus, viral nucleic acids and inflammatory changes were detected in their brains. The late-onset neurological disease, after acute infection or Dx treatment, was probably a consequence of spontaneous virus reactivation. These results demonstrate that BHV-5 does establish a latent infection in rabbits and that clinical recrudescence may occur upon reactivation.
Patients with first-episode schizophrenia show significant cognitive impairments even at this early phase of their illness. Antipsychotic medication improves clinical symptomatology, but the effectiveness of this treatment on neuropsychological deficits remains unclear. We investigated clinical symptom and neuropsychological performance change in 34 unmedicated first-episode psychotic patients (17 males, 17 females) from the time prior to treatment until 33.6+/-11.3 days after treatment initiation at which time patients demonstrated meaningful recovery from psychosis. Twenty-four matched healthy subjects were also studied. Performance in most neuropsychological functions (language skills, attention, nonverbal learning and reasoning, motor speed) remained stable for the group as a whole. However, reduction in negative symptoms was significantly correlated with performance increases in verbal fluency and attention. Higher negative symptom recovery was associated with improvement of cognitive performance to levels approaching those of healthy subjects, whereas low or no negative symptom improvement was associated with stable or decreased cognitive performance. Reduction in positive symptoms was not associated with change in cognitive abilities. These findings suggest a linkage between early, treatment-induced improvements in negative symptoms and reductions in distinct cognitive deficits.
Previous studies have shown that children with recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM) have significantly lower quantities of alpha-haemolytic streptococci (AHS) in the nasopharynx than healthy children. Furthermore children with otitis media have AHS with lower inhibitory activity in vitro on Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae compared with healthy children. A randomised, placebo controlled and double blind clinical study among children with rAOM was designed to determine whether or not a nasal spray, containing AHS with very good inhibitory activity on the three most common OM pathogens, could be an alternative to tympanostomy tube insertion. Forty three children under 4 years of age were included in the study. The children sprayed once daily for 4 months and were monitored for 6 months. Sixteen children in the active group and 20 children in the placebo group were evaluated. The result showed no significant differences regarding the number of episodes of AOM, with seven recurrences in the active group and eight in the placebo group. No significant changes of the nasopharyngeal flora could be detected during the study period regarding the OM pathogens. Nasal spray according to the performed schedule is not yet an alternative to tympanostomy tubes in children with rAOM. The possibility of increasing the efficacy of this ecological treatment, by using pre-treatment antibiotics, more adhesive bacteria and alternative treatment schedules is discussed.