PubMed · 11000845
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J Jagger, J Perry. 2000. Making routine less risky.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11000845/
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Hazards are identified for six different techniques for disposing decommissioned ammunition. Use has been made of functional modelling as a basis for hazard identification. Risk levels are estimated based on general accident rates in the chemical industry. The disposal techniques are "open burning" (OB), "open detonation" (OD), "closed detonation" (CD), "fluidised bed combustion" (FBC), "rotary kiln (RK) incineration", "mobile incineration". Closed detonation leads to most hazards and highest risk, followed by open burning and open detonation. The other three techniques are considerably safer. Risk due to transport is included in the analysis. Transport risk is not negligible for fluidised bed combustion and rotary kiln incineration at centrally located sites.
The most important characteristic of major chemical accidents, from a societal perspective, is their tendency to produce off-site effects. The extent and severity of the accident may significantly affect the population and the environment of the adjacent areas. Following an accident event, effort should be made to limit such effects. Management decisions should be based on rational and quantitative information based on the site specific circumstances and the possible consequences. To produce such information we have developed an operational centre for managing large-scale industrial accidents. Its architecture involves an integrated framework of geographical information system (GIS) and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities. The operational centre was developed for Windows 98 platforms, for the region of Thriasion Pedion of West Attica, where the concentration of industrial activity and storage of toxic chemical is immense within areas of high population density. An appropriate case study is given in order to illuminate the use and necessity of the operational centre.
In compliance with the provisions of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) of 1986, Chester County, Pennsylvania has collected information about all reported chemical releases to the environment. This paper presents an analysis of the patterns of these releases, including their composition, type, location, frequency, time and level of emergency response, over the last 12 years (1987-1999). Hydrocarbon fuels are the most frequently spilled compounds, but several extremely hazardous chemicals including sulfuric acid, chlorine, and ammonia have also been released to the environment. The patterns of hazardous materials releases in Chester County are similar to those reported in other databases at all levels: local, state, federal and international.