PubMed · 11056931
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2000. The lowdown on lighting.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11056931/
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Stress, musculoskeletal symptoms, and eye strain are common among users of ultrasound machines. The purpose of the study was to identify work situations that induce a psychosocial or physical load in work with ultrasound. 12 sonographers participated. Questionnaire and video-based interviewing methods were used. Effects of changes in work organisation and equipment that were introduced after the first study were followed up after 6 months (9 of the participants in the former study). The study confirmed that musculoskeletal symptoms were common. Work situations inducing physical and/or psychosocial loads were identified. Changes of the equipment and work organisation led to positive effects both in terms of the physical and the psychosocial load. Better work organisation and ergonomically designed equipment are measures that can prevent work-related disorders.
Transmission delays occur when a virtual environment responds to the hand and head movements of an operator. The effects of hand and head-related delays on discrete manual performance was investigated experimentally and compared. Imposed hand and head-related pure delays equal to or greater than 110 ms and 220 ms, respectively, significantly increased hand Movement Time (MT). The effect of hand-related delays was greater than that of head-related delays of the same magnitude. A regression model describing the combined effects of both delays on MT is reported (R(2) = 0.95). Analyses of the interactions among delays, target width, and distances have shown the need to adopt the traditional classification of delays into (1) control delay, and (2) display delay. The use of this taxonomy and the regression analyses to describe and explain the effects of individual and combined effects of delays on discrete target-reaching task performance in virtual environments are discussed.