PubMed · 11123747
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S Kannan, G Derrick. 2001. Packaging of codeine phosphate suppositories.. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.0618c.x
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Urinary metabolic pattern after the therapeutic peroral dose of dihydrocodeine tartrate to six human volunteers has been explored. Using the GC-MS analytical method, we have found that the major part of the dose administered is eliminated via urine within the first 24 h. However, the analytical monitoring of dihydrocodeine and its metabolites in urine was still possible 72 h after the dose was administered. The dihydrocodeine equivalent amounts excreted in urine in 72 h ranged between 32 and 108% of the dose, on average 62% in all individuals. The major metabolite excreted into urine was a 6-conjugate of dihydrocodeine, then in a lesser amount a 6-conjugate of nordihydrocodeine (both conjugated to approximately 65%). The O-demethylated metabolite dihydromorphine was of a minor amount and was 3,6-conjugated in 85%. Traces of nordihydromorphine and hydrocodone were confirmed as other metabolites of dihydrocodeine in our study. This information can be useful in interpretation of toxicological findings in forensic practice.
Morphine and codeine have been identified and measured in a human urine matrix using high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) in a tandem combination with electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The addition of helium to the nitrogen carrier gas resulted in a substantial improvement in the sensitivity of the ESI-FAIMS-MS instrument for the determination of morphine and codeine. Limits of detection in human urine were 60 ng/mL for morphine and 20 ng/mL for codeine with no clean-up, derivatization, or chromatographic separation of the sample prior to analysis.
A procedure for extraction of heroin and metabolites for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of meconium specimens that would allow detection of these analytes at low levels was needed. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were therefore evaluated for their effectiveness in sample preparation. Four different types of commercially available extraction cartridges were used. Heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), morphine, and codeine were extracted from meconium samples using these SPE cartridges and then simultaneously analyzed using GC-MS. In each case, the extraction efficiency, linearity range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), between-run precision, and within-run precision were determined. Although satisfactory results were obtained with the four different types of SPE cartridges, best overall performance was observed using Clean Screen columns following the procedures outlined here. LODs as low as 20 ng/g for codeine, 10 ng/g for morphine, and 2.5 ng/g for 6-MAM were obtained, and LOQs as low as 20 ng/g for codeine, 10 ng/g for morphine, and 5 ng/g for 6-MAM were obtained. In all cases linearities were observed (r = > 0.99) for codeine, morphine, and 6-MAM over a wide concentration range (100-2000, 100-2000, and 5-100, respectively). At 50 ng/g codeine and morphine and 10 ng/g 6-MAM, the precision of analysis using these cartridges showed coefficients of variation ranging from 4.75% to 15.5%.