PubMed Health⌕ Search
Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 11175977

Endoscopic considerations in children.

S J Lobritto
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Endoscopy often is required in the management of patients with chronic liver disease. Endoscopy in this pediatric population is a safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic modality for the appropriate clinical situation. The clear advantage afforded by reduced-sized equipment, new anesthetic agents, better operator training, and specialized pediatric endoscopy units have resulted in better outcomes and reduced risk to the patient. Advances in technical innovations will expand the currently offered diagnostic and therapeutic options for management of pediatric with portal hypertension. This article reviews specific considerations for endoscopy in this demanding patient population.

Explore related subjects

Anesthesia, GeneralChildProcedural SedationEndoscopy, GastrointestinalEsophageal and Gastric VaricesGastrointestinal DiseasesHumansHypertension, PortalTherapeutic IrrigationJournal ArticleReview

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

S J Lobritto. 2001. Endoscopic considerations in children.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11175977/

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2007

Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine administration during isoflurane anaesthesia in Shetland ponies.

BACKGROUND: The arterial pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine enantiomers after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine i.v. administration were evaluated in seven gelding ponies in a crossover study (2-month interval). METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen via a face-mask and then maintained at each pony's individual MAC. Racemic ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1)) or S-ketamine (1.1 mg kg(-1)) was injected in the right jugular vein. Blood samples were collected from the right carotid artery before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 min after ketamine administration. Ketamine and norketamine enantiomer plasma concentrations were determined by capillary electrophoresis. Individual R-ketamine and S-ketamine concentration vs time curves were analysed by non-linear least square regression two-compartment model analysis using PCNonlin. Plasma disposition curves for R-norketamine and S-norketamine were described by estimating AUC, C(max), and T(max). Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (R(f)), tidal volume (V(T)), minute volume ventilation (V(E)), end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PE'(CO(2))), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters of S- and R-ketamine administered in the racemic mixture or S-ketamine administered separately did not differ significantly. Statistically significant higher AUC and C(max) were found for S-norketamine compared with R-norketamine in the racemic group. Overall, R(f), V(E), PE'(CO(2)), and MAP were significantly higher in the racemic group, whereas PR was higher in the S-ketamine group. CONCLUSIONS: Norketamine enantiomers showed different pharmacokinetic profiles after single i.v. administration of racemic ketamine in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane in oxygen (1 MAC). Cardiopulmonary variables require further investigation.

Anesthesia, General↗