PubMed · 11185357
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K Naughton. 2000-10-30. Safety first.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11185357/
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BACKGROUND: A simulation model of the human eye which we have developed was applied to simulated airbag ocular injury, to determine the physical and mechanical conditions of the impacting airbag that would cause globe rupture in a post-photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) eye. METHODS: Simulations were performed with a computer using the finite element analysis program PAM-CRASH()(Nihon ESI, Tokyo, Japan). The airbag was set to impact on the surface of post-PRK eyes-D3, D6, D10, and D15-and an intact eye at various impact velocities. Strain on the cornea and sclera exceeding 18.0% and 6.8%, respectively, was assumed to indicate the possibility of rupture of each tissue. RESULTS: In contrast to the intact eye, in post-PRK eyes, at the lowest velocity of 20 m/s, some of the element reached the strain threshold in D15. At the medium velocity of 30 m/s, limited corneal rupture was observed in all situations. At the high velocity, 40 m/s, scleral laceration was found in eyes with all diopters, and apparent corneal rupture was observed in D10 and D15, indicating that globe rupture was very likely to occur. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that severe ocular trauma can be caused in post-PRK eyes by airbags at high impact velocities. Preoperative discussion with candidates for laser refractive surgery regarding the potential for severe ocular injury if the normal integrity of the eye is compromised by surgery may be appropriate. Research on modification of airbag design and deployment to minimize the risk of ocular injury is important.
Computer simulations, dummy experiments with a new enhanced upper extremity and small female cadaver experiments were used to analyze the small female upper extremity response under side airbag loading. After establishing a worst case initial position, three tests were performed with the fifth percentile female hybrid III anthropometric test dummy and six experiments with small female cadaver subjects. A new fifth percentile female enhanced upper extremity was developed for the dummy experiments that included a two-axis wrist load cell in addition to the existing six-axis load cells in both the forearm and humerus. Forearm pronation was also included in the new dummy upper extremity to increase the biofidelity of the interaction with the handgrip. Instrumentation for both the cadaver and dummy tests included accelerometers and MHD angular rate sensors on the forearm, humerus, upper and lower spine. In order to quantify the applied loads to the cadaver hand and wrist from the door mounted handgrip, the handgrip was mounted to the door through a five-axis load cell and instrumented with accelerometers for inertial compensation. All six of the cadaver tests resulted in upper extremity injuries including comminuted mid-shaft humerus fractures, osteochondral fractures of the elbow joint surfaces, a transverse fracture of the distal radius and an osteochondral fracture of the lunate carpal bone. The results from the 6 cadaver tests presented in this study were combined with the results from 12 previous cadaver tests. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between observed injuries and measured occupant response. Using inertially compensated force measurements from the dummy mid-shaft forearm load cell, the linear combination of elbow axial force and shear force was significantly (P=0.05) correlated to the observed elbow injuries.
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