PubMed · 11293388
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A Kingston-Smith. 2001. Resource allocation.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01842-2
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Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are the genetic DNA fragments bound by transcription factors (TFs). CREs function as molecular switches that precisely modulate the dosage and spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression. The systematic identification of CREs not only facilitates the annotation of the functional non-coding genome but also provides essential insights into the architecture of gene regulatory networks and sheds light on an accurate selection of the target sites for genetic engineering of crops. In this review, we summarize the current high-throughput methodologies used for identifying CREs, illustrate the associations between CREs and agronomic traits in horticultural crops, and discuss how CREs can be exploited to facilitate crop breeding.
To provide an efficient and running analytical tool to strawberry plant breeders who have to characterize and compare the aromatic properties of new cultivars to those already known, a HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis method has been coupled with a statistical treatment method issued from the current development of artificial neuron networks (ANN), and more specifically, the unsupervised learning systems called Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs). So, 70 strawberry samples harvested at CIREF from 17 known varieties have been extracted by using a DVB/Carboxen/PDMS SPME fiber according to the headspace procedure, and then chromatographed. A panel of 23 characteristic aromatic constituents has been selected according to published results relative to strawberry aroma. The complex resulting matrix, collecting the relative abundance of the 23 selected constituents for each sample, has been input into the SOM software adapted and optimized from the Kohonen approach described by one of the authors. After a period of training, the self-organized system affords a map of virtual strawberries to which real samples are compared and plotted in the best matching unit (BMU) of the map. The efficiency for discriminating the real samples according to their variety is dependent on the number of units selected to define the map. In this case, a 24-unit map allowed the complete discrimination of the 17 selected varieties. Moreover, to test the validity of this approach, two additional samples were blind-analyzed and the results were computed according to the same procedure. At the end of this treatment, both samples were plotted into the same unit as those of the same variety used for training the map.
By the mid-1930s, according to Daniel Kevles, 'mainline eugenics had generally been recognized as a farrago of flawed science.' By then, most geneticists accepted that eugenic sterilization could not rid society of its undesirables. But paradoxically, eugenics still had supporters even among its scientist critics, whom Kevles called 'reform eugenicists'. My opinion is that there was no such sharp turning point in eugenics. Reliance on simple mendelian inheritance faded away, but eugenics continued much as before until after World War II. In this paper, I consider the history of the eugenics movement in terms of its concepts of the inheritance of 'feeble-mindedness' and psychosis as single-gene recessives, and sterilization as a means of control.